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	Author	Bonin, S.J.; Clayton, H.M.; Lanovaz, J.L.; Johnston, T.
	Title	Comparison of mandibular motion in horses chewing hay and pellets			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Equine Veterinary Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet. J.
	Volume	39	Issue	3	Pages	258-262
	Keywords	horse; temporomandibular joint; mastication; kinematics
	Abstract	Summary Reasons for performing study: Previous studies have suggested that temporomandibular joint (TMJ) kinematics depend on the type of food being masticated, but accurate measurements of TMJ motion in horses chewing different feeds have not been published. Hypothesis: The temporomandibular joint has a larger range of motion when horses chew hay compared to pellets. Methods: An optical motion capture system was used to track skin markers on the skull and mandible of 7 horses as they chewed hay and pellets. A virtual marker was created on the midline between the mandibles at the level of the 4th premolar teeth to represent the overall motion of the mandible relative to the skull during the chewing cycle. Results: Frequency of the chewing cycles was lower for hay than for pellets. Excursions of the virtual mandibular marker were significantly larger in all 3 directions when chewing hay compared to pellets. The mean velocity of the virtual mandibular marker during the chewing cycle was the same when chewing the 2 feeds. Conclusions: The range of mediolateral displacement of the mandible was sufficient to give full occlusal contact of the upper and lower dental arcades when chewing hay but not when chewing pellets. Potential relevance: These findings support the suggestion that horses receiving a diet high in concentrate feeds may require more frequent dental prophylactic examinations and treatments to avoid the development of dental irregularities associated with smaller mandibular excursions during chewing.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	American Medical Association (AMA)	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	doi: 10.2746/042516407X157792			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6513
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	Author	Morgan, K.; Funkquist, P.; Nyman, G.
	Title	The effect of coat clipping on thermoregulation during intense exercise in trotters			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Equine Veterinary Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Veterinary Journal
	Volume	34	Issue	S34	Pages	564-567
	Keywords	horse; thermoregulation; heat loss; recovery; blood temperature; oxygen uptake
	Abstract	Summary The aim of this study was to study the physiological, especially thermoregulatory, responses during intense exercise in the clipped horse compared to the horse with winter coat. Six Standardbred trotters were studied before and after clipping. They performed an inclined incremental high intensity treadmill exercise test and were monitored during recovery. The clipped horse differed significantly (ANOVA) during exercise as compare to coated: less increase in central venous blood temperature, higher skin surface temperature, greater difference skin to ambient temperature and higher rate of nonevaporative heat loss. The clipped horse had significantly lower total cutaneous evaporative heat loss from walk to end of peak exercise and a shorter time for recovery for the respiratory rate using a paired t test. The clipped horse showed a tendency (P = 0.059) to decreased oxygen uptake during the stepwise increase in workload. We concluded that the clipped horse experienced less strain on the thermoregulatory system due to an enhanced heat loss. Some clipped horses in the study showed a more efficient power output; future studies with emphasis on respiration and oxygen demand are needed to explain this.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	American Medical Association (AMA)	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05484.x			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6614
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	Author	Drevemo, S.; Fredricson, I.; Hjertén, G.; McMIKEN, D.
	Title	Early development of gait asymmetries in trotting Standardbred colts			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1987	Publication	Equine Veterinary Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine. Vet. J.
	Volume	19	Issue	3	Pages	189-191
	Keywords
	Abstract	Summary Ten trotting Standardbred colts were recorded by high-speed cinematography at the ages of eight, 12 and 18 months. The horses were trotting on a treadmill operating at 4.0 m/secs. Five horses were subjected to a programme of intensified training from eight months of age, whereas the others were not trained and acted as controls. The films were analysed on a semi-automatic film-reading equipment and a number of variables used to demonstrate the gait symmetry were calculated and scaled by computer. Certain differences between left and right diagonal and contralateral pair of limbs, respectively, were noted, suggesting that laterality in horses may be inherited. The most pronounced systematic differences were found in 18-month old horses in the trained group. The results show the importance of careful gait examination and comprehensive coordination training at an early age.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	American Medical Association (AMA)	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1987.tb01373.x			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6702
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	Author	Goodwin, D.
	Title	The importance of ethology in understanding the behaviour of the horse			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Equine Veterinary Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Veterinary Journal
	Volume	31	Issue	S28	Pages	15-19
	Keywords	horse; behaviour; domestication; interspecific communication
	Abstract	Summary Domestication has provided the horse with food, shelter, veterinary care and protection, allowing individuals an increased chance of survival. However, the restriction of movement, limited breeding opportunities and a requirement to expend energy, for the benefit of another species, conflict with the evolutionary processes which shaped the behaviour of its predecessors. The behaviour of the horse is defined by its niche as a social prey species but many of the traits which ensured the survival of its ancestors are difficult to accommodate in the domestic environment. There has been a long association between horses and man and many features of equine behaviour suggest a predisposition to interspecific cooperation. However, the importance of dominance in human understanding of social systems has tended to overemphasise its importance in the human-horse relationship. The evolving horse-human relationship from predation to companionship, has resulted in serial conflicts of interest for equine and human participants. Only by understanding the nature and origin of these conflicts can ethologists encourage equine management practices which minimise deleterious effects on the behaviour of the horse.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	American Medical Association (AMA)	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6714
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	Author	Davies, H.M.S.; Merritt, J.S.
	Title	Surface strains around the midshaft of the third metacarpal bone during turning			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Equine Veterinary Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Veterinary Journal
	Volume	36	Issue	8	Pages	689-692
	Keywords	horse; exercise; strain; third metacarpal bone; turns
	Abstract	Summary Reasons for performing study: Bone strains quantify skeletal effects of specific exercise and hence assist in designing training programmes to avoid bone injury. Objective: To test whether compressive strains increase on the lateral surface of the inside third metacarpal bone (McIII) and the medial surface of the outside McIII in a turn. Methods: Rosette strain gauges on dorsal, medial and lateral surfaces of the midshaft of the left McIII in 2 Thoroughbred geldings were recorded simultaneously during turning at the walk on a bitumen surface. Results: Medial surface: Compression peaks were larger in the outside limb. Tension peaks were larger in the inside limb and in a tighter turn. On the lateral surface compression and tension peaks were larger on the inside limb, which showed the largest recorded strains (compression of -1400 microstrains). Dorsal compression strains were larger on the outside limb and on a larger circle. Tensile strains were similar in both directions and larger on a larger circle. Conclusions: Compressive strains increased on the lateral surface of the inside McIII and medial surface of the outside McIII in a turn. Potential relevance: Slow-speed turning exercise may be sufficient to maintain bone mechanical characteristics in the inside limb lateral McIII cortex. Further work is needed to confirm these findings and to determine whether faster gaits and/or tighter turns are sufficient to cause bone modelling levels of strain in the medial and lateral McIII cortex.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	American Medical Association (AMA)	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6715
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	Author	Houpt, K.A.; Wolski, T.R.
	Title	Stability of equine hierarchies and the prevention of dominance related aggression			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1980	Publication	Equine veterinary journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	12	Issue	1	Pages	15-18
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Feeding Behavior; Female; Hierarchy, Social; Horses; Humans; Male; Maternal Behavior; *Social Dominance
	Abstract	The dominance hierarchy of a herd of 10 Thoroughbred mares was determined twice, at an interval of 18 months, using paired feeding tests. Each mare's rank was correlated significantly between the 2 tests. This indicated that the hierarchy within the herd was stable. The offspring of dominant and subordinate mares were also tested for dominance in their own age groups. The offspring of dominant mares tended to be near the top of the hierarchy while those of middle and low ranking mares were not consistently found in the middle or bottom of their own hierarchies. Paired feeding tests were carried out on 8 ponies. During tests the time that each pony spent eating and the ponies' aggressive interactions were recorded. Two situations were used. Each pony-pair was tested when both ponies were in the same paddock and also when they were separated by a rail fence. The subordinate ponies spent significantly more time eating and the domonant pony was significantly less aggressive, when the pony-pair was separated by a fence than when they were in one paddock. It was concluded that the dominance hierarchies of adult horse groups changed very little over time and that the foals of dominant mares will tend to be dominant in their own age groups. Management practices can be used to reduce aggression and consequent injury that may arise in group feeding situations.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:7189148			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	59
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	Author	Waters, A.J.; Nicol, C.J.; French, N.P.
	Title	Factors influencing the development of stereotypic and redirected behaviours in young horses: findings of a four year prospective epidemiological study			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Equine veterinary journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	34	Issue	6	Pages	572-579
	Keywords	Age Factors; Animal Husbandry/methods; Animal Welfare; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Female; Horse Diseases/epidemiology/prevention & control/psychology; Horses; Housing, Animal; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Stereotyped Behavior; Weaning
	Abstract	Stereotypies are invariant and repetitive behaviour patterns that seemingly have no function, which tend to develop in captive animals faced with insoluble problems and may be indicative of reduced welfare. A 4 year prospective study of the factors influencing the development of stereotypic and redirected behaviours (abnormal behaviour) in a population of 225 young Thoroughbred and part-Thoroughbred horses was conducted between 1995 and 1999. Abnormal behaviour affected 34.7% of the population. Multivariable analysis showed that foals of low- or middle-ranking mares were less likely to develop abnormal behaviour than foals of dominant mares (rate ratio (RR) 0.23, P<0.01; RR 0.48, P<0.01, respectively). Weaning by confinement in a stable or barn was associated with an increased rate of development of abnormal behaviour, compared with paddock-weaning (RR 2.19, P<0.05), and housing in barns, rather than at grass after weaning, was associated with a further increase (RR 2.54, P<0.01). Specific stereotypic and redirected behaviours were then considered as separate outcomes. Crib-biting was initiated by 10.5% of horses at median age 20 weeks, weaving by 4.6% of horses at median age 60 weeks, box-walking by 2.3% of horses at median age 64 weeks and wood-chewing by 30.3% of horses at median age 30 weeks. Wood-chewing developed at a lower rate in horses born to subordinate or mid-ranking mares than in horses born to dominant mares (RR 0.29, P<0.01; RR 0.41, P<0.01, respectively), and at a higher rate in horses kept in barns or stables rather than at grass after weaning (RR 4.49, P<0.001; RR 1A6, P<0.001, respectively). Feeding concentrates after weaning was associated with a 4-fold increase in the rate of development of crib-biting (RR 4.12, P = 0.02). The results of this study support the idea that simple changes in feeding, housing and weaning practices could substantially lower the incidence of abnormal behaviour in young horses.
	Address	University of Bristol, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Langford, Bristol, UK
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12357996			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	84
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	Author	Harman, A.M.; Moore, S.; Hoskins, R.; Keller, P.
	Title	Horse vision and an explanation for the visual behaviour originally explained by the 'ramp retina'			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Equine veterinary journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	31	Issue	5	Pages	384-390
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cell Count; Eye/anatomy & histology; Ganglia, Sensory/cytology; Horses/physiology; Refractive Errors/veterinary; Retina/cytology/physiology; Vision/physiology; Visual Acuity; Visual Fields
	Abstract	Here we provide confirmation that the 'ramp retina' of the horse, once thought to result in head rotating visual behaviour, does not exist. We found a 9% variation in axial length of the eye between the streak region and the dorsal periphery. However, the difference was in the opposite direction to that proposed for the 'ramp retina'. Furthermore, acuity in the narrow, intense visual streak in the inferior retina is 16.5 cycles per degree compared with 2.7 cycles per degree in the periphery. Therefore, it is improbable that the horse rotates its head to focus onto the peripheral retina. Rather, the horse rotates the nose up high to observe distant objects because binocular overlap is oriented down the nose, with a blind area directly in front of the forehead.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10505953			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	836
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	Author	Cooper, J.J.
	Title	Comparative learning theory and its application in the training of horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Equine veterinary journal. Supplement	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J Suppl
	Volume		Issue	27	Pages	39-43
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Conditioning (Psychology); Horses/psychology; *Learning; Reinforcement (Psychology)
	Abstract	Training can best be explained as a process that occurs through stimulus-response-reinforcement chains, whereby animals are conditioned to associate cues in their environment, with specific behavioural responses and their rewarding consequences. Research into learning in horses has concentrated on their powers of discrimination and on primary positive reinforcement schedules, where the correct response is paired with a desirable consequence such as food. In contrast, a number of other learning processes that are used in training have been widely studied in other species, but have received little scientific investigation in the horse. These include: negative reinforcement, where performance of the correct response is followed by removal of, or decrease in, intensity of a unpleasant stimulus; punishment, where an incorrect response is paired with an undesirable consequence, but without consistent prior warning; secondary conditioning, where a natural primary reinforcer such as food is closely associated with an arbitrary secondary reinforcer such as vocal praise; and variable or partial conditioning, where once the correct response has been learnt, reinforcement is presented according to an intermittent schedule to increase resistance to extinction outside of training.
	Address	Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, UK
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10485003			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	846
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	Author	Francis-Smith, K.; Wood-Gush, D.G.M.
	Title	Copropgagia as seen in thoroughbred foals			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1977	Publication	Equine veterinary journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	9	Issue	3	Pages	155-157
	Keywords	animal; article; coprophagy; defecation; eating; female; horse; horse disease; human; mastication
	Abstract	Four Thoroughbred foals were seen to quickly eat part of the faeces deposited by their own dams on some 40 per cent of the mare-defaecating occasions observed between the second and fifth week after birth. They did not do it before or after this period. This behaviour was thought to be a feeding pattern which formed a normal part of the foal's development.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1090
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