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	Author	Flauger, B; Möstl, E.; Krueger., K.
	Title	The introduction of horses into new groups: Social interactions and cortisol release			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2012	Publication	Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg
	Volume	in press	Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Introduction technique; Aggression; Injury risk; Endocrine response; Stress; Integration horse
	Abstract	Domestic horses are kept in so-called “fate societies” where they have to deal with frequent mixing. Several studies have evaluated and discussed the aggression level and injury risk during the introduction of horses into new groups, but nothing is known about the endocrine responses and thus if horses experience stress during introduction. In this study we analysed the efficiency of four approved introduction techniques and evaluated the introduction of 30 horses into 11 different groups. Horses were introduced: 1) immediately, 2) after observing the new group for several days, 3) together with an “integration horse” after several days of observation, or 4) with a mixed strategy. Aggressive as well as positive social behaviour between the introduced horses and the group members were analysed the two hours following the introduction event. In addition, we focussed on the glucocorticoid production of the newcomer horses by measuring faecal cortisol metabolites (FCM) on the day of the introduction as well as the following three days. For the four introduction techniques we found significant differences in the horses’ aggressive and submissive behaviour as well as in their total interactions. The introduction together with an integration horse led to significantly lower levels of aggression and less total interactions than the immediate introduction of single horses. Horses which were introduced immediately or after an observation period showed significantly elevated levels of FCM on the first, second and third day after the introduction. For horses introduced together with an integration horse FCM were already significantly higher on the day of the introduction, indicating a stressful event before the introduction itself. In contrast, FCM levels were always very low when using the mixed technique. In sum, horses have the ability to deal with conflict when they are introduced to new group members. The introduction event itself appears not to be as stressful as previously assumed. Standing together with an “integration horse” on a separate paddock and not being able to integrate immediately into a new group appears to be stressful for the newcomer. Based on the findings of our study we suggest to introduce new horses in group management together with a new group mate, a so-called “integration horse”. This would reduce the number of total social interactions as well as the aggression level. While this technique may be stressful for the newcomer, it lowers aggressive behaviour between the introduced horse and the group members and consequently reduces injury risks.
	Address
	Corporate Author	Flauger, B.			Thesis
	Publisher	Xenophon Publishing	Place of Publication	Wald	Editor	Krueger, K.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-3-9808134-26	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5551
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	Author	Calcagnoli, F.; Boer, S.F.; Althaus, M.; Boer, J.A.; Koolhaas, J.M.
	Title	Antiaggressive activity of central oxytocin in male rats			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2013	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	Psychopharmacology
	Volume	229	Issue	4	Pages	639-651
	Keywords	Oxytocin; Offensive aggression; Social exploration; Individual variability
	Abstract	Rationale A substantial body of research suggests that the neuropeptide oxytocin promotes social affiliative behaviors in a wide range of animals including humans. However, its antiaggressive action has not been unequivocally demonstrated in male laboratory rodents. Objective Our primary goal was to examine the putative serenic effect of oxytocin in a feral strain (wild type Groningen, WTG) of rats that generally show a much broader variation and higher levels of intermale aggression than commonly used laboratory strains of rats. Methods Resident animals were intracerebroventricularly (icv) administered with different doses of synthetic oxytocin and oxytocin receptor antagonist, alone and in combination, in order to manipulate brain oxytocin functioning and to assess their behavioral response to an intruder. Results Our data clearly demonstrate that acute icv administered oxytocin produces dose-dependent and receptorselective changes in social behavior, reducing aggression and potentiating social exploration. These antiaggressive effects are stronger in the more offensive rats. On the other hand, administration of an oxytocin receptor antagonist tends to increase (nonsignificantly) aggression only in low–medium aggressive animals. Conclusions These results suggest that transiently enhancing brain oxytocin function has potent antiaggressive effects, whereas its attenuation tends to enhance aggressiveness. In addition, a possible inverse relationship between trait aggression and endogenous oxytocinergic signaling is revealed. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of brain oxytocinergic signaling for regulating intermale offensive aggression. This study supports the suggestion that oxytocin receptor agonists could clinically be useful for curbing heightened aggression seen in a range of neuropsychiatric disorders like antisocial personality disorder, autism, and addiction.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0033-3158	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5723
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	Author	Houpt, K.A.; Wolski, T.R.
	Title	Stability of equine hierarchies and the prevention of dominance related aggression			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1980	Publication	Equine veterinary journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	12	Issue	1	Pages	15-18
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Feeding Behavior; Female; Hierarchy, Social; Horses; Humans; Male; Maternal Behavior; *Social Dominance
	Abstract	The dominance hierarchy of a herd of 10 Thoroughbred mares was determined twice, at an interval of 18 months, using paired feeding tests. Each mare's rank was correlated significantly between the 2 tests. This indicated that the hierarchy within the herd was stable. The offspring of dominant and subordinate mares were also tested for dominance in their own age groups. The offspring of dominant mares tended to be near the top of the hierarchy while those of middle and low ranking mares were not consistently found in the middle or bottom of their own hierarchies. Paired feeding tests were carried out on 8 ponies. During tests the time that each pony spent eating and the ponies' aggressive interactions were recorded. Two situations were used. Each pony-pair was tested when both ponies were in the same paddock and also when they were separated by a rail fence. The subordinate ponies spent significantly more time eating and the domonant pony was significantly less aggressive, when the pony-pair was separated by a fence than when they were in one paddock. It was concluded that the dominance hierarchies of adult horse groups changed very little over time and that the foals of dominant mares will tend to be dominant in their own age groups. Management practices can be used to reduce aggression and consequent injury that may arise in group feeding situations.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:7189148			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	59
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	Author	de Waal, F.B.
	Title	Primates--A natural heritage of conflict resolution			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Science (New York, N.Y.)	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	289	Issue	5479	Pages	586-590
	Keywords	Aggression/psychology; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Conflict (Psychology); Female; Humans; Male; Primates; Social Behavior; Social Dominance
	Abstract	The traditional notion of aggression as an antisocial instinct is being replaced by a framework that considers it a tool of competition and negotiation. When survival depends on mutual assistance, the expression of aggression is constrained by the need to maintain beneficial relationships. Moreover, evolution has produced ways of countering its disruptive consequences. For example, chimpanzees kiss and embrace after fights, and other nonhuman primates engage in similar “reconciliations.” Theoretical developments in this field carry implications for human aggression research. From families to high schools, aggressive conflict is subject to the same constraints known of cooperative animal societies. It is only when social relationships are valued that one can expect the full complement of natural checks and balances.
	Address	Living Links, Center for the Advanced Study of Human and Ape Evolution, Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, and Psychology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. dewaal@emory.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0036-8075	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10915614			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	187
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	Author	Baker, K.C.; Seres, E.; Aureli, F.; De Waal, F.B.
	Title	Injury risks among chimpanzees in three housing conditions			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	American journal of primatology	Abbreviated Journal	Am. J. Primatol.
	Volume	51	Issue	3	Pages	161-175
	Keywords	Aggression; Animal Welfare; Animals; Female; Housing, Animal; Male; Pan troglodytes; Risk Assessment; Wounds and Injuries/veterinary
	Abstract	Meeting the psychological needs of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) can be a challenge given their aggressiveness on the one hand and the complexity of their social lives on the other. It is unclear how to balance the need to provide opportunities for species-appropriate behavior against potential risks of injury chimpanzees may inflict on each other. This study evaluates the suggestion that simpler social environments protect chimpanzees from wounding. Over a two-year period all visible injuries to 46 adult males, 64 adult females, and 25 immature chimpanzees were recorded at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center. Approximately half of the subjects were mother-reared, and the rest were nursery-reared. Housing included compounds containing about 20 chimpanzees, interconnected indoor-outdoor runs for groups of up to 12 individuals, and smaller indoor-outdoor runs for pairs and trios. Annual wounding rates were calculated for serious wounds (extensive injuries and all those requiring veterinary intervention) as well as for minor wounds. Compound-housed chimpanzees incurred the highest level of minor wounding, but serious wounding levels were not affected by housing condition. Even with a period of dominance instability and elevated levels of wounding in one compound, compound chimpanzees were not injured more than those in smaller social groups over the long term. Nursery-reared females in moderate-sized groups were wounded more than mother-reared females. Also, nursery-reared males and females were wounded less often when paired with mother-reared companions. Overall, this study indicates that maintaining chimpanzees in pairs and trios would not be an effective means for reducing injuries. The management of wounding in chimpanzee colonies is influenced more by the sex and rearing composition of a colony.
	Address	Living Links Center, Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. kateb@rmy.emory.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0275-2565	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10902665			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	188
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	Author	Aureli, F.; de Waal, F.B.
	Title	Inhibition of social behavior in chimpanzees under high-density conditions			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	American journal of primatology	Abbreviated Journal	Am. J. Primatol.
	Volume	41	Issue	3	Pages	213-228
	Keywords	Aggression/psychology; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Crowding; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/psychology; Population Density; *Social Environment; Stress, Psychological
	Abstract	This is the first study to investigate the short-term effects of high population density on captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Subjects of the study were 45 chimpanzees living in five different groups at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center. The groups were observed under two conditions: 1) when they had access to both the indoor and outdoor sections of their enclosures; 2) during cold days when they were locked into the indoor runs, which reduced the available space by more than half. Under the high-density condition, allogrooming and submissive greetings decreased, but juvenile play increased. Remarkably, the rate of various forms of agonistic behavior, such as aggression, bluff charge, bluff display, and hooting, occurred less frequently under the high-density condition. This general decrease in adult social activity, including agonistic behavior, can be interpreted as an inhibition strategy to reduce opportunities for conflict when interindividual distances are reduced. This strategy is probably effective only in the short run, however. Behavioral indicators of anxiety, such as rough scratching and yawning, showed elevated rates, suggesting increased social tension under the high-density condition.
	Address	Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0275-2565	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:9057966			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	203
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	Author	Heitor, F.; do Mar Oom, M.; Vicente, L.
	Title	Social relationships in a herd of Sorraia horses Part I. Correlates of social dominance and contexts of aggression			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Behavioural Processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	73	Issue	2	Pages	170-177
	Keywords	Age Factors; Aggression; Animals; Female; Hierarchy, Social; Horses/psychology; Male; Sex Factors; Social Dominance; *Social Environment; Statistics, Nonparametric
	Abstract	Factors related to dominance rank and the functions of aggression were studied in a herd of Sorraia horses, Equus caballus, under extensive management. Subjects were 10 adult mares 5-18 years old and a stallion introduced into the group for breeding. Dominance relationships among mares were clear, irrespective of rank difference, and remained stable after introduction of the stallion. The dominance hierarchy was significantly linear and rank was positively correlated with age and total aggressiveness. Higher-ranking mares received lower frequency and intensity of agonistic interactions. Nevertheless, higher-ranking dominants were not more likely to elicit submission from their subordinates than lower-ranking dominants. Neither close-ranking mares nor mares with less clear dominance relationships were more aggressive towards each other. Agonistic interactions seemed to be used more importantly in regulation of space than to obtain access to food or to reassert dominance relationships. Contexts of aggression were related to mare rank. The results suggest that dominance relationships based on age as a conventional criterion were established to reduce aggressiveness in a herd where the costs of aggression are likely to outweigh the benefits.
	Address	Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edificio C2, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0376-6357	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16815645			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	292
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	Author	Hemelrijk, C.K.; Wantia, J.
	Title	Individual variation by self-organisation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews	Abbreviated Journal	Neurosci Biobehav Rev
	Volume	29	Issue	1	Pages	125-136
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Competitive Behavior/physiology; Female; Humans; Individuality; Male; Models, Psychological; Sex Characteristics; Social Dominance; Time Factors
	Abstract	In this paper, we show that differences in dominance and spatial centrality of individuals in a group may arise through self-organisation. Our instrument is a model, called DomWorld, that represents two traits that are often found in animals, namely grouping and competing. In this model individual differences grow under the following conditions: (1) when the intensity of aggression increases and grouping becomes denser, (2) when the degree of sexual dimorphism in fighting power increases. In this case the differences among females compared to males grow too, (3) when, upon encountering another individual, the tendency to attack is 'obligate' and not conditional, namely 'sensitive to risks'. Results resemble phenomena described for societies of primates, mice, birds and pigs.
	Address	Theoretical Biology, University of Groningen, NN Haren, The Netherlands. hemelrij@ifi.unizh.ch
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0149-7634	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15652260			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	443
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	Author	Hemelrijk,C. K.; Wantia,J.; Gygax,L.
	Title	The construction of dominance order: comparing performance of five methods using an individual-based model			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Behaviour	Abbreviated Journal	Behaviour
	Volume	142	Issue	8	Pages	1043-1064
	Keywords	dominance order, ranking method, agent-based model, statistical method, aggression
	Abstract	In studies of animal behaviour investigators correlate dominance with all kinds of behavioural variables, such as reproductive success and foraging success. Many methods are used to produce a dominance hierarchy from a matrix reflecting the frequency of winning dominance interactions. These different methods produce different hierarchies. However, it is difficult to decide which ranking method is best. In this paper, we offer a new procedure for this decision: we use an individual-based model, called DomWorld, as a test-environment. We choose this model, because it provides access to both the internal dominance values of artificial agents (which reflects their fighting power) and the matrix of winning and losing among them and, in addition, because its behavioural rules are biologically inspired and its group-level patterns resemble those of real primates. We compare statistically the dominance hierarchy based on the internal dominance values of the artificial agents with the dominance hierarchy produced by ranking individuals by (a) their total frequency of winning, (b) their average dominance index, (c) a refined dominance index, the David`s score, (d) the number of subordinates each individual has and (e) a ranking method based on maximizing the linear order of the hierarchy. Because dominance hierarchies may differ depending on group size, type of society, and the interval of study, we compare these ranking methods for these conditions.We study complete samples as well as samples randomly chosen to resemble the limitations of observing real animals. It appears that two methods of medium complexity (the average dominance index and David`s score) lead to hierarchical orders that come closest to the hierarchy based on internal dominance values of the agents. We advocate usage of the average dominance index, because of its computational simplicity.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	445
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	Author	Johnstone, R.A.
	Title	Eavesdropping and animal conflict			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
	Volume	98	Issue	16	Pages	9177-9180
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Conflict (Psychology); Models, Theoretical
	Abstract	Fights between pairs of animals frequently take place within a wider social context. The displays exchanged during conflict, and the outcome of an encounter, are often detectable by individuals who are not immediately involved. In at least some species, such bystanders are known to eavesdrop on contests between others, and to modify their behavior toward the contestants in response to the observed interaction. Here, I extend Maynard Smith's well known model of animal aggression, the Hawk-Dove game, to incorporate the possibility of eavesdroppers. I show that some eavesdropping is favored whenever the cost of losing an escalated fight exceeds the value of the contested resource, and that its equilibrium frequency is greatest when costs are relatively high. Eavesdropping reduces the risk of escalated conflict relative to that expected by chance, given the level of aggression in the population. However, it also promotes increased aggression, because it enhances the value of victory. The net result is that escalated conflicts are predicted to occur more frequently when eavesdropping is possible.
	Address	Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom. raj1003@hermes.cam.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0027-8424	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11459936			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	497
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