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Author |
Hardy, J.L. |
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Title |
The ecology of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in the Central Valley of California, 1945-1985 |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1987 |
Publication  |
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Trop Med Hyg |
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Volume |
37 |
Issue |
3 Suppl |
Pages |
18s-32s |
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Keywords |
Aedes/microbiology; Animals; Birds; California; Culex/microbiology; Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine/*physiology; Encephalomyelitis, Equine/*history/microbiology/transmission/veterinary; History, 20th Century; Horse Diseases/history/transmission; Horses; Humans; Insect Vectors/microbiology; Mammals |
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Abstract |
Reeves' concept of the summer transmission cycle of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in 1945 was that the virus was amplified in a silent transmission cycle involving mosquitoes, domestic chickens, and possibly wild birds, from which it could be transmitted tangentially to and cause disease in human and equine populations. Extensive field and laboratory studies done since 1945 in the Central Valley of California have more clearly defined the specific invertebrate and vertebrate hosts involved in the basic virus transmission cycle, but the overall concept remains unchanged. The basic transmission cycle involves Culex tarsalis as the primary vector mosquito species and house finches and house sparrows as the primary amplifying hosts. Secondary amplifying hosts, upon which Cx. tarsalis frequently feeds, include other passerine species, chickens, and possibly pheasants in areas where they are abundant. Another transmission cycle that most likely is initiated from the Cx. tarsalis-wild bird cycle involves Aedes melanimon and the blacktail jackrabbit. Like humans and horses, California ground squirrels, western tree squirrels, and a few other wild mammal species become infected tangentially with the virus but do not contribute significantly to virus amplification. |
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Department of Biomedical and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley 94720 |
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0002-9637 |
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PMID:3318522 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2677 |
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Author |
Sabattini, M.S.; Monath, T.P.; Mitchell, C.J.; Daffner, J.F.; Bowen, G.S.; Pauli, R.; Contigiani, M.S. |
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Title |
Arbovirus investigations in Argentina, 1977-1980. I. Historical aspects and description of study sites |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1985 |
Publication |
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Trop Med Hyg |
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Volume |
34 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
937-944 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Arbovirus Infections/*epidemiology/microbiology; Arboviruses; Argentina; Birds; Cattle; Child; Climate; Ecology; Encephalitis Virus, St. Louis; Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine; Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine; Encephalitis, St. Louis/epidemiology/microbiology; Encephalomyelitis, Equine/epidemiology/microbiology/veterinary; Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/epidemiology/microbiology/veterinary; Geography; Horse Diseases/epidemiology/microbiology; Horses/microbiology; Humans |
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Abstract |
This is the introductory paper to a series on the ecology of arboviruses in Argentina. Epizootics of equine encephalitis have occurred since at least 1908, principally in the Pampa and Espinal biogeographic zones, with significant economic losses; human cases of encephalitis have been rare or absent. Both western equine and eastern equine encephalitis viruses have been isolated from horses during these epizootics, but the mosquitoes responsible for transmission have not been identified. A number of isolations of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus were reported between 1936 and 1958 in Argentina, but the validity of these findings has been seriously questioned. Nevertheless, serological evidence exists for human infections with a member of the VEE virus complex. Serological surveys conducted in the 1960s indicate a high prevalence of infection of humans and domestic animals with St. Louis encephalitis (SLE), and 2 SLE virus strains have been isolated from rodents. Human disease, however, has rarely been associated with SLE infection. Only 7 isolations of other arboviruses have been described (3 of Maguari, 1 of Aura, 2 of Una, and 1 of an untyped Bunyamwera group virus). In 1977, we began longitudinal field studies in Santa Fe Province, the epicenter of previous equine epizootics, and in 1980 we extended these studies to Chaco and Corrientes provinces. The study sites are described in this paper. |
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0002-9637 |
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PMID:4037184 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2685 |
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Author |
Bast, T.F.; Whitney, E.; Benach, J.L. |
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Title |
Considerations on the ecology of several arboviruses in eastern Long Island |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1973 |
Publication |
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Trop Med Hyg |
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Volume |
22 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
109-115 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Antibodies, Viral/analysis; Arboviruses/*isolation & purification; Birds; Brain/microbiology; Ecology; Encephalitis Virus, St. Louis/immunology/isolation & purification; Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine/immunology/isolation & purification; Encephalitis Viruses/immunology/isolation & purification; Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology/isolation & purification; Encephalomyelitis, Equine/epidemiology/veterinary; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; Horse Diseases/epidemiology; Horses; Humans; Insects; Liver/microbiology; Mites; Neutralization Tests; New York; Snakes; Ticks |
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0002-9637 |
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PMID:4684881 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2715 |
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Author |
Scherer, W.F.; Dickerman, R.W. |
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Title |
Ecologic studies of Venezuelan encephalitis virus in southeastern Mexico. 8. Correlations and conclusions |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1972 |
Publication |
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Trop Med Hyg |
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Volume |
21 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
86-89 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Birds; Cattle; Chiroptera; Cricetinae; Culex; Culicidae; *Disease Reservoirs; Ecology; Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/immunology; Encephalitis Viruses/*isolation & purification; Encephalomyelitis, Equine/epidemiology/*etiology; Horses; Humans; *Insect Vectors; Mammals; Mexico; Mice; Opossums; Rats; Swine |
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0002-9637 |
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PMID:4399844 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2721 |
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Author |
Nettle, D. |
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Title |
The evolution of personality variation in humans and other animals |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
The American Psychologist |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am Psychol |
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Volume |
61 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
622-631 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Birds; *Evolution; Female; Fishes; Humans; Insects; Male; Personality/*genetics/*physiology |
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Abstract |
A comprehensive evolutionary framework for understanding the maintenance of heritable behavioral variation in humans is yet to be developed. Some evolutionary psychologists have argued that heritable variation will not be found in important, fitness-relevant characteristics because of the winnowing effect of natural selection. This article propounds the opposite view. Heritable variation is ubiquitous in all species, and there are a number of frameworks for understanding its persistence. The author argues that each of the Big Five dimensions of human personality can be seen as the result of a trade-off between different fitness costs and benefits. As there is no unconditionally optimal value of these trade-offs, it is to be expected that genetic diversity will be retained in the population. |
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University of Newcastle, Newcastle, United Kingdom. daniel.nettle@ncl.ac.uk |
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0003-066X |
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PMID:16953749 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4105 |
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Author |
Schmidt, R.; Amrhein, V.; Kunc, H.P.; Naguib, M. |
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Title |
The day after: effects of vocal interactions on territory defence in nightingales |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
The Journal of Animal Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
T. J. Anim. Ecol. |
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Volume |
76 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
168-173 |
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Keywords |
Aggression; Animals; Male; Songbirds/*physiology; *Territoriality; Time Factors; Vocalization, Animal/*physiology |
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Abstract |
1. Models on territory acquisition and tenure predict that territorial animals benefit by adjusting territorial defence behaviour to previous challenges they had experienced within the socially complex environment of communication networks. 2. Here, we addressed such issues of social cognition by investigating persisting effects of vocal contests on territory defence behaviour in nightingales Luscinia megarhynchos (Brehm). 3. Using interactive playback during nocturnal song of subjects, a rival was simulated to countersing either aggressively (by song overlapping) or moderately (by song alternating) from outside the subjects' territory. Thereby, the time-specific singing strategy provided an experimentally controlled source of information on the motivation of an unfamiliar rival. 4. Expecting that nightingales integrate information with time, the same rival was simulated to return as a moderately singing intruder on the following morning. 5. The results show that the vigour with which male nightingales responded to the simulated intrusion of an opponent during the day depended on the nature of the nocturnal vocal interaction experienced several hours before. 6. Males that had received the song overlapping playback the preceding night approached the simulated intruder more quickly and closer and sang more songs near the loudspeaker than did males that had received a song alternating playback. 7. This adjustment of territory defence strategies depending on information from prior signalling experience suggests that integrating information with time plays an important part in territory defence by affecting a male's decision making in a communication network. |
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Department of Animal Behaviour, Bielefeld University, PO Box 100 131, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany. rouven.schmidt@uni-bielefeld.de |
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0021-8790 |
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Notes |
PMID:17184365 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2749 |
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Author |
Dierenfeld, E.S. |
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Title |
Vitamin E in exotics: effects, evaluation and ecology |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1994 |
Publication |
The Journal of Nutrition |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Nutr |
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Volume |
124 |
Issue |
12 Suppl |
Pages |
2579s-2581s |
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Keywords |
Animal Feed/*analysis; Animals; Animals, Zoo/blood/*metabolism; Antelopes/blood/metabolism; Birds/blood/metabolism; Deer/blood/metabolism; Elephants/blood/metabolism; Equidae/blood/metabolism; Perissodactyla/blood/metabolism; Vitamin E/*administration & dosage/analysis/blood; Vitamin E Deficiency/pathology/physiopathology/veterinary |
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The pathophysiology and lesions associated with vitamin E deficiency are similar between domestic and exotic species, and circulating plasma concentrations are also similar between comparable groups. However, many ecological variables must be considered for the most relevant comparisons. Tissue values of vitamin E, apart from plasma, are unknown for most exotics. Dietary vitamin E requirements of exotic species and domestics appear to differ; based on natural foodstuff analyses and clinical observations, between 50 and 200 mg vitamin E/kg DM are necessary to prevent vitamin E deficiency, 5- to 10-fold higher than current livestock recommendations. |
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Department of Nutrition, Wildlife Health Center, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460 |
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0022-3166 |
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Notes |
PMID:7996243 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2661 |
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Author |
Hoogstraal, H.; Mitchell, R.M. |
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Title |
Haemaphysalis (Alloceraea) aponommoides Warburton (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae), description of immature stages, hosts, distribution, and ecology in India, Nepal, Sikkim, and China |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1971 |
Publication |
The Journal of Parasitology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Parasitol |
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Volume |
57 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
635-645 |
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Keywords |
Altitude; Animals; Artiodactyla; Birds; Buffaloes; Carnivora; Cattle; China; Deer; Dogs; Ecology; Female; Goats; Horses; Humans; India; Insectivora; Larva/anatomy & histology; Male; Mice; Nepal; Rats; Rodentia; Sciuridae; Seasons; Sheep; Tick Infestations/*epidemiology; Ticks/*anatomy & histology/growth & development |
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0022-3395 |
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PMID:5090972 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2730 |
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Author |
Wang, L.Y. |
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Title |
Host preference of mosquito vectors of Japanese encephalitis |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1975 |
Publication |
Zhonghua Minguo wei Sheng wu xue za zhi = Chinese Journal of Microbiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Xue Za Zhi |
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Volume |
8 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
274-279 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Birds/blood; *Culex; Ecology; Encephalitis, Japanese/*transmission; *Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; *Insect Vectors; Mammals/blood; Species Specificity; Taiwan |
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Abstract |
The host preference of 4 Culex mosquito species collected in Miaoli and Pingtung counties, Taiwan was studied by capillary precipitin method. Antisera to alum-precipitated sera of man, bovine, swine, rabbit, horse, dog, cat, mouse, chicken, duck, and pigeon were produced in rabbits and reacted with 758 mosquito blood meals among which reactions to one or more antisera. Culex annulus and Culex tritaeniorhynchus summorosus showed a great avidity for pig, and Culex fuscocephala for bovine. Culex pipiens fatigans was ornithophilic. None of 110 C. t. summorosus and 2.4% of 223 C. annulus had fed on man. Among 66 samples of C.p. fatigans tested 10.3% had fed on man, while none of 359 C. fuscocephala did. It seems that the latter does not act as a primary vector of Japanese encephalitis. |
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0009-4587 |
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PMID:181218 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2702 |
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Author |
Valova, G.P.; Mefod'ev, V.V. |
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Title |
[Specific features of an epidemic process in leptospiroses in northern conditions in Western Siberia] |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1972 |
Publication |
Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii, i Immunobiologii |
Abbreviated Journal |
Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol |
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Volume |
49 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
138-145 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Bird Diseases/epidemiology; Birds; Carnivora; Cattle; Cattle Diseases/epidemiology; Dog Diseases/epidemiology; Dogs; Ecology; Foxes; Horse Diseases/epidemiology; Horses; Humans; Insectivora; Leptospirosis/*epidemiology/veterinary; Mice; Rats; Reindeer; Rodent Diseases/epidemiology; Rodentia; Sheep; Sheep Diseases/epidemiology; Siberia |
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Russian |
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Nekotorye spetsificheskie cherty epidemicheskogo protsessa pri leptospirozakh v usloviiakh Severa v Zapadnoi Sibiri |
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0372-9311 |
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PMID:4645851 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2718 |
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