Records |
Author |
Wasserman, E.A.; Gagliardi, J.L.; Cook, B.R.; Kirkpatrick-Steger, K.; Astley, S.L.; Biederman, I. |
Title |
The pigeon's recognition of drawings of depth-rotated stimuli |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1996 |
Publication ![sorted by Publication field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
Volume |
22 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
205-221 |
Keywords |
Animals; Cognition/*physiology; Columbidae; Discrimination (Psychology); Form Perception/*physiology; Learning/*physiology; Photic Stimulation; Rotation |
Abstract |
Four experiments used a four-choice discrimination learning paradigm to explore the pigeon's recognition of line drawings of four objects (an airplane, a chair, a desk lamp, and a flashlight) that were rotated in depth. The pigeons reliably generalized discriminative responding to pictorial stimuli over all untrained depth rotations, despite the bird's having been trained at only a single depth orientation. These generalization gradients closely resembled those found in prior research that used other stimulus dimensions. Increasing the number of different vantage points in the training set from one to three broadened the range of generalized testing performance, with wider spacing of the training orientations more effectively broadening generalized responding. Template and geon theories of visual recognition are applied to these empirical results. |
Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242-1407, USA. ed-wasserman@uiowa.educ |
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English |
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ISSN |
0097-7403 |
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Notes |
PMID:8618103 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2780 |
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Author |
Lazareva, O.F.; Smirnova, A.A.; Bagozkaja, M.S.; Zorina, Z.A.; Rayevsky, V.V.; Wasserman, E.A. |
Title |
Transitive responding in hooded crows requires linearly ordered stimuli |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2004 |
Publication ![sorted by Publication field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Anal Behav |
Volume |
82 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
1-19 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Association; Cognition/physiology; Crows; Discrimination (Psychology); *Discrimination Learning; Feedback; Reinforcement (Psychology); Visual Perception/physiology |
Abstract |
Eight crows were taught to discriminate overlapping pairs of visual stimuli (A+ B-, B+ C-, C+ D-, and D+ E-). For 4 birds, the stimuli were colored cards with a circle of the same color on the reverse side whose diameter decreased from A to E (ordered feedback group). These circles were made available for comparison to potentially help the crows order the stimuli along a physical dimension. For the other 4 birds, the circles corresponding to the colored cards had the same diameter (constant feedback group). In later testing, a novel choice pair (BD) was presented. Reinforcement history involving stimuli B and D was controlled so that the reinforcement/nonreinforcement ratios for the latter would be greater than for the former. If, during the BD test, the crows chose between stimuli according to these reinforcement/nonreinforcement ratios, then they should prefer D; if they chose according to the diameter of the feedback stimuli, then they should prefer B. In the ordered feedback group, the crows strongly preferred B over D; in the constant feedback group, the crows' choice did not differ significantly from chance. These results, plus simulations using associative models, suggest that the orderability of the postchoice feedback stimuli is important for crows' transitive responding. |
Address |
Institute of Higher Nervous Activity, Moscow State University. olga-lazareva@uiowa.edu |
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ISSN |
0022-5002 |
ISBN |
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Notes |
PMID:15484868 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
612 |
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Author |
Singer, R.A.; Klein, E.D.; Zentall, T.R. |
Title |
Use of a single-code/default strategy by pigeons to acquire duration sample discriminations |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2006 |
Publication ![sorted by Publication field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Learning & behavior : a Psychonomic Society publication |
Abbreviated Journal |
Learn Behav |
Volume |
34 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
340-347 |
Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Columbidae; *Discrimination (Psychology); *Reaction Time; Retention (Psychology); *Signal Detection (Psychology) |
Abstract |
Past evidence that pigeons may adopt a single-code/default strategy to solve duration sample discriminations may be attributable to the similarity between the intertrial interval (ITI) and the retention interval. The present experiments tested whether pigeons would adopt a single-code/default strategy when possible ITI-retention-interval ambiguity was eliminated and sample salience was increased. Previous studies of duration sample discriminations that have purported to show evidence for the use of a single-code/default coding strategy have used durations of 0, 2, and 10 sec (Zentall, Klein, and Singer, 2004). However, the results of Experiment 1 suggest that the use of a 0-sec sample may produce an artifact resulting in inadvertent present/absent sample matching. In Experiment 2, when pigeons were trained with three nonzero duration samples (2, 8, and 32 sec), clear evidence for the use of a single-code/default strategy was found. |
Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA. rasing2@uky.edu |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1543-4494 |
ISBN |
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Notes |
PMID:17330523 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
215 |
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Author |
Parr, L.A.; Hopkins, W.D.; de Waal, F.B. |
Title |
Haptic discrimination in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella): evidence of manual specialization |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1997 |
Publication ![sorted by Publication field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Neuropsychologia |
Abbreviated Journal |
Neuropsychologia |
Volume |
35 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
143-152 |
Keywords |
Aging/psychology; Animals; Cebus; Cues; Discrimination (Psychology)/*physiology; Female; Functional Laterality/*physiology; Male; Psychomotor Performance/physiology; Sex Characteristics; Touch/physiology |
Abstract |
Two experiments investigated the effects of haptic and visual discrimination on hand preference in 22 brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). The percentage of left-handed subjects in Experiment 1 were 63.6%, 45.5%, and 18.2% for haptic, bipedal, and quadrupedal reaching, respectively. In Experiment 2, the haptic demands of the task were manipulated by using additional food types and another tactile medium. Left-hand preferences were further strengthened when reaching into water compared to pineshavings in Experiment 1. Reaching with no tactile interference resulted in equal numbers of lateralized and nonlateralized subjects. These results show that when reaching demands the use of haptic cues, as opposed to visual ones, monkeys shift towards greater left hand use. This is consistent with what is known about right hemisphere superiority for haptic discrimination in humans. |
Address |
Division of Psychobiology, Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA. parr@rmy.-emory.edu |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0028-3932 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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Notes |
PMID:9025118 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
201 |
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Author |
Stahlbaum, C.C.; Houpt, K.A. |
Title |
The role of the Flehmen response in the behavioral repertoire of the stallion |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1989 |
Publication ![sorted by Publication field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Physiology & behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
Physiol. Behav. |
Volume |
45 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1207-1214 |
Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Circadian Rhythm; Discrimination (Psychology)/physiology; Estrus; Feces; Female; Horses/*physiology; Male; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Smell/*physiology; Taste/physiology; Urine |
Abstract |
The role of the Flehmen response in equine behavior was investigated under field and laboratory conditions. In Experiment 1, a field study made of five stallions on pasture with between three and eighteen mares each during the season indicated the following: 1) The Flehmen response was most frequently preceded by nasal, rather than oral, investigation of substances; 2) The stallions' rate of Flehmen varied with the estrous cycles of the mares; 3) The rate of Flehmen response did not show a variation with time of day; and 4) The Flehmen response was most frequently followed by marking behaviors rather than courtship behaviors. The results suggest that the Flehmen response is not an immediate component of sexual behavior, e.g., courtship of the stallion but may be involved in the overall monitoring of the mare's estrous cycle. Therefore the Flehmen response may contribute to the chemosensory priming of the stallion for reproduction. In Experiment 2 stallions were presented with urine or feces of mares in various stages of the reproductive cycle as well as with their own or other males' urine or feces. The occurrence of sniffing and Flehmen was used to determine the discriminatory ability of the stallions. Stallions can differentiate the sex of a horse on the basis of its feces alone, but cannot differentiate on the basis of urine. This ability may explain the function of fecal marking behavior of stallions. |
Address |
New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853 |
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ISSN |
0031-9384 |
ISBN |
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Notes |
PMID:2813545 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
44 |
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Author |
Heschl, A.; Burkart, J. |
Title |
A new mark test for mirror self-recognition in non-human primates |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2006 |
Publication ![sorted by Publication field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Primates |
Abbreviated Journal |
Primates |
Volume |
47 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
187-198 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Callithrix/*physiology; Cognition/*physiology; Discrimination (Psychology)/physiology; Female; Male; Photic Stimulation; *Self Concept |
Abstract |
For 30 years Gallup's (Science 167:86-87, 1970) mark test, which consists of confronting a mirror-experienced test animal with its own previously altered mirror image, usually a color mark on forehead, eyebrow or ear, has delivered valuable results about the distribution of visual self-recognition in non-human primates. Chimpanzees, bonobos, orangutans and, less frequently, gorillas can learn to correctly understand the reflection of their body in a mirror. However, the standard version of the mark test is good only for positively proving the existence of self-recognition. Conclusive statements about the lack of self-recognition are more difficult because of the methodological constraints of the test. This situation has led to a persistent controversy about the power of Gallup's original technique. We devised a new variant of the test which permits more unequivocal decisions about both the presence and absence of self-recognition. This new procedure was tested with marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus), following extensive training with mirror-related tasks to facilitate performance in the standard mark test. The results show that a slightly altered mark test with a new marking substance (chocolate cream) can help to reliably discriminate between true negative results, indicating a real lack of ability to recognize oneself in a mirror, from false negative results that are due to methodological particularities of the standard test. Finally, an evolutionary hypothesis is put forward as to why many primates can use a mirror instrumentally – i.e. know how to use it for grasping at hidden objects – while failing in the decisive mark test. |
Address |
Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Adolf Lorenz Gasse 2, 3422, Altenberg, Austria. adolf.heschl@uni-graz.at |
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ISSN |
0032-8332 |
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Notes |
PMID:16432640 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2810 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
de Waal, F.B.M.; Dindo, M.; Freeman, C.A.; Hall, M.J. |
Title |
The monkey in the mirror: hardly a stranger |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2005 |
Publication ![sorted by Publication field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
Volume |
102 |
Issue |
32 |
Pages |
11140-11147 |
Keywords |
Analysis of Variance; Animals; Cebus/*physiology; *Discrimination (Psychology); Empathy; Female; Male; Observation; *Recognition (Psychology); *Self Concept; Sex Factors |
Abstract |
It is widely assumed that monkeys see a stranger in the mirror, whereas apes and humans recognize themselves. In this study, we question the former assumption by using a detailed comparison of how monkeys respond to mirrors versus live individuals. Eight adult female and six adult male brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) were exposed twice to three conditions: (i) a familiar same-sex partner, (ii) an unfamiliar same-sex partner, and (iii) a mirror. Females showed more eye contact and friendly behavior and fewer signs of anxiety in front of a mirror than they did when exposed to an unfamiliar partner. Males showed greater ambiguity, but they too reacted differently to mirrors and strangers. Discrimination between conditions was immediate, and blind coders were able to tell the difference between monkeys under the three conditions. Capuchins thus seem to recognize their reflection in the mirror as special, and they may not confuse it with an actual conspecific. Possibly, they reach a level of self-other distinction intermediate between seeing their mirror image as other and recognizing it as self. |
Address |
Living Links Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. dewaal@emory.edu |
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ISSN |
0027-8424 |
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Notes |
PMID:16055557 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
164 |
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Author |
Dusek, J.A.; Eichenbaum, H. |
Title |
The hippocampus and memory for orderly stimulus relations |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1997 |
Publication ![sorted by Publication field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
Volume |
94 |
Issue |
13 |
Pages |
7109-7114 |
Keywords |
Animals; Attention; Discrimination (Psychology)/physiology; Hippocampus/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Male; Memory/*physiology; Rats |
Abstract |
Human declarative memory involves a systematic organization of information that supports generalizations and inferences from acquired knowledge. This kind of memory depends on the hippocampal region in humans, but the extent to which animals also have declarative memory, and whether inferential expression of memory depends on the hippocampus in animals, remains a major challenge in cognitive neuroscience. To examine these issues, we used a test of transitive inference pioneered by Piaget to assess capacities for systematic organization of knowledge and logical inference in children. In our adaptation of the test, rats were trained on a set of four overlapping odor discrimination problems that could be encoded either separately or as a single representation of orderly relations among the odor stimuli. Normal rats learned the problems and demonstrated the relational memory organization through appropriate transitive inferences about items not presented together during training. By contrast, after disconnection of the hippocampus from either its cortical or subcortical pathway, rats succeeded in acquiring the separate discrimination problems but did not demonstrate transitive inference, indicating that they had failed to develop or could not inferentially express the orderly organization of the stimulus elements. These findings strongly support the view that the hippocampus mediates a general declarative memory capacity in animals, as it does in humans. |
Address |
Department of Psychology, Boston University, 64 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA |
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0027-8424 |
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Notes |
PMID:9192700 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
607 |
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Author |
Hauser, M.D.; Kralik, J.; Botto-Mahan, C.; Garrett, M.; Oser, J. |
Title |
Self-recognition in primates: phylogeny and the salience of species-typical features |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1995 |
Publication ![sorted by Publication field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
Volume |
92 |
Issue |
23 |
Pages |
10811-10814 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Discrimination (Psychology); Exploratory Behavior; Female; Hair Color; Male; Phylogeny; Psychology, Comparative; Research Design; Saguinus/*psychology; *Self Concept; Species Specificity; Touch; *Visual Perception |
Abstract |
Self-recognition has been explored in nonlinguistic organisms by recording whether individuals touch a dye-marked area on visually inaccessible parts of their face while looking in a mirror or inspect parts of their body while using the mirror's reflection. Only chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, and humans over the age of approximately 2 years consistently evidence self-directed mirror-guided behavior without experimenter training. To evaluate the inferred phylogenetic gap between hominoids and other animals, a modified dye-mark test was conducted with cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus), a New World monkey species. The white hair on the tamarins' head was color-dyed, thereby significantly altering a visually distinctive species-typical feature. Only individuals with dyed hair and prior mirror exposure touched their head while looking in the mirror. They looked longer in the mirror than controls, and some individuals used the mirror to observe visually inaccessible body parts. Prior failures to pass the mirror test may have been due to methodological problems, rather than to phylogenetic differences in the capacity for self-recognition. Specifically, an individual's sensitivity to experimentally modified parts of its body may depend crucially on the relative saliency of the modified part (e.g., face versus hair). Moreover, and in contrast to previous claims, we suggest that the mirror test may not be sufficient for assessing the concept of self or mental state attribution in nonlinguistic organisms. |
Address |
Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA |
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English |
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0027-8424 |
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Notes |
PMID:7479889 |
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no |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2825 |
Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Klein, E.D.; Bhatt, R.S.; Zentall, T.R. |
Title |
Contrast and the justification of effort |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2005 |
Publication ![sorted by Publication field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Psychonomic bulletin & review |
Abbreviated Journal |
Psychon Bull Rev |
Volume |
12 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
335-339 |
Keywords |
Awareness; *Cognition; *Discrimination (Psychology); Female; Humans; Male; Questionnaires; *Visual Perception |
Abstract |
When humans are asked to evaluate rewards or outcomes that follow unpleasant (e.g., high-effort) events, they often assign higher value to that reward. This phenomenon has been referred to as cognitive dissonance or justification of effort. There is now evidence that a similar phenomenon can be found in nonhuman animals. When demonstrated in animals, however, it has been attributed to contrast between the unpleasant high effort and the conditioned stimulus for food. In the present experiment, we asked whether an analogous effect could be found in humans under conditions similar to those found in animals. Adult humans were trained to discriminate between shapes that followed a high-effort versus a low-effort response. In test, participants were found to prefer shapes that followed the high-effort response in training. These results suggest the possibility that contrast effects of the sort extensively studied in animals may play a role in cognitive dissonance and other related phenomena in humans. |
Address |
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA |
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English |
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ISSN |
1069-9384 |
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Notes |
PMID:16082815 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
223 |
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