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	Author	Hanggi, E.B.
	Title	The Thinking Horse: Cognition and Perception			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2005	Publication	International Veterinary Information Service	Abbreviated Journal	AAEP
	Volume	51	Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	Cognition and perception in horses has often been misunderstood. Not only in the past but even today, people proclaim that horses react only by instinct, that they are just conditioned-response animals, that they lack advanced cognitive ability, and that they have poor visual capabilities (e.g., acuity, color vision, depth perception). Until relatively recently, there was little scientific evidence to address such beliefs. Change, however, is underway as scientific and public interest in all aspects of equine learning and perception intensifies. A review of the scientific literature, as well as practical experience, shows that horses excel at simpler forms of learning such as classical and operant conditioning, which is not surprising considering their trainability when these principles and practices are applied. Furthermore, horses have shown ease in stimulus generalization and discrimination learning. Most recently and unexpected by many, horses have solved advanced cognitive challenges involving categorization learning and some degree of concept formation. A comprehensive understanding of the cognitive and perceptual abilities of horses is necessary to ensure that this species receives proper training, handling, management, and care.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	465
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	Author	Hare, J.F.
	Title	Lee Alan Dugatkin, Principles of Animal Behavior, Norton, New York (2004) Pp. xx+596. Price $80.00			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Animal Behaviour.	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Behav.
	Volume	69	Issue	1	Pages	247-248
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	489
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	Author	Godin, J.-G.J.; Herdman, E.J.E.; Dugatkin, L.A.
	Title	*Social influences on female mate choice in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata: generalized and repeatable trait-copying behaviour*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Animal Behaviour.	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Behav.
	Volume	69	Issue	4	Pages	999-1005
	Keywords
	Abstract	In vertebrates, the mating preferences of individual females can be flexible and the probability of a female mating with a particular male can be significantly increased by her having previously observed another conspecific female affiliate and mate with that same male. In theory, such mate-choice-copying behaviour has potentially important consequences for both the genetic and social (`cultural') transmission of female mating preferences. For copying to result in the `cultural inheritance' of mating preferences, individual females must not only copy the mate choice decisions of other females but they also should tend to repeat this type of behaviour (i.e. make similar mating decisions) subsequently and to generalize their socially induced preference for a particular male to other males that share his distinctive characteristics. Here, we show experimentally that individual female guppies, Poecilia reticulata, not only copy the observed mating preferences of other females for particular males, but that the preference now assumed via copying is subsequently repeated and generalized to other males of a similar colour phenotype. These results provide empirical evidence for social enhancement of female preference for particular phenotypic traits of chosen males rather than for the particular males possessing those traits, and thus have important implications for our understanding of the role of social learning in the evolution of female mating preferences and of male epigamic traits.
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	490
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	Author	Murphy, J.; Sutherland, A.; Arkins, S.
	Title	Idiosyncratic motor laterality in the horse			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	91	Issue	3-4	Pages	297-310
	Keywords	Horse; Idiosyncratic motor behaviour; Laterality; Sidedness
	Abstract	Idiosyncratic motor behaviour was investigated during four experimental procedures in 40 horses (males = 20, females = 20) to establish if horses revealed evidence of significant right or left laterality. The experimental procedures included (1) detection of the preferred foreleg to initiate movement (walk or trot), (2) obstacle avoidance within a passageway (right or left), (3) obstacle avoidance when ridden and (4) idiosyncratic motor bias when rolling. The influence of the horses' sex on both the direction and the degree of the laterality was explored within and between experimental procedures. The findings showed that the direction, but not the degree of idiosyncratic motor preference in the horses was strongly sex-related. Male horses exhibited significantly more (t = 3.74, d.f. = 79, P < 0.001) left lateralised responses and female horses exhibited significantly more (t = -6.35, d.f. = 79, P < 0.01) right lateralised responses. There was also significant positive correlation (P < 0.05) between four of six possible inter-experimental relationships. The results suggest two discrete trends of laterality associated with the sex of the horse. The primary cause of idiosyncratic motor laterality may be genetically predetermined, influenced by environmental factors or a combination of these two and the current findings may support the development of sex-specific training schedules for the horse. Further, work in this area might assist in defining the mechanisms of brain hemisphere lateralisation and allocation of cognitive function in the horse.
	Address
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	527
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	Author	Kaminski, J.; Riedel, J.; Call, J.; Tomasello, M.
	Title	Domestic goats, Capra hircus, follow gaze direction and use social cues in an object choice task			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Animal Behaviour.	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Behav.
	Volume	69	Issue	1	Pages	11-18
	Keywords
	Abstract	Gaze following is a basic social cognitive skill with many potential benefits for animals that live in social groups. At least five primate species are known to follow the gaze of conspecifics, but there have been no studies on gaze following in other mammals. We investigated whether domestic goats can use the gaze direction of a conspecific as a cue to find food. They were able to do this, at a level comparable to that of primates. In a second experiment, we tested goats' ability to use gaze and other communicative cues given by a human in a so-called object choice situation. An experimenter hid food out of sight of the subject under one of two cups. After baiting the cup the experimenter indicated the location of the food to the subject by using different cues. The goats used communicative cues (touching and pointing) but not gaze by itself. Since domestic dogs are very skilled in this task, whereas wolves are not, one hypothesis is that the use of communicative cues in the object choice task is a side-effect of domestication.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	542
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	Author	Nathan J. Emery
	Title	The Evolution of Social Cognition			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2005	Publication	The Cognitive Neuroscience of Social BehaviourGarten	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	Although this bookis focusedon the cognitive neuroscience ofhuman social behaviour, an understandingofsocial cognition in non-human animals is critical for unravellingthe neural basis of social cognition in humans as well as the selective pressures that have shapedthe evolution ofcomplex social cognition. Thanks to methodological limitations, we know little about the relationships between certain biochemical andelectrophysiological properties ofthe human brain andhow theycompute the behaviour andmental states ofother individuals. Traditional techniques for examiningneural function in humans, such as event-relatedpotentials (ERP),positron emission tomography(PET),and functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI),are constrainedbythe fact that subjects are placed either into an immoveable scanner with a lot ofbackgroundnoise or wiredup with dozens of electrodes that are sensitive to slight movements. The possibilityofscanningor recordingbrain waves from two individuals that are physicallyinteractingsociallyis technicallyimpossible at present (however, see Montague et al, 2002 for a new methodfor simultaneouslyscanningtwo individuals interactingvia a computer). The onlywayto understandthe neurocognitive architecture ofhuman social behaviour is to examine similar social processes in both human andnon-human animal minds andmake comparisons at the species level. An additional argument is that traditional human socio-cognitive tasks are dependent on the use ofstories, cartoons andverbal cues andinstructions (Heberlein & Adolphs, this volume)which themselves will elicit specific neural responses that have to be eliminatedfrom neural responses specificallyrelatedto mindreading. Therefore, the development ofnon-verbal tasks wouldprovide a breakthrough for studies in non-linguistic animals, pre-verbal human infants andhuman cognitive neuroimaging.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Psychology Press	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	543
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	Author	Hare, B.; Tomasello, M.
	Title	Human-like social skills in dogs?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Trends in Cognitive Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Trends. Cognit. Sci.
	Volume	9	Issue	9	Pages	439-444
	Keywords	Animal Communication; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cognition/physiology; Dogs; Evolution; Humans; *Social Behavior
	Abstract	Domestic dogs are unusually skilled at reading human social and communicative behavior--even more so than our nearest primate relatives. For example, they use human social and communicative behavior (e.g. a pointing gesture) to find hidden food, and they know what the human can and cannot see in various situations. Recent comparisons between canid species suggest that these unusual social skills have a heritable component and initially evolved during domestication as a result of selection on systems mediating fear and aggression towards humans. Differences in chimpanzee and human temperament suggest that a similar process may have been an important catalyst leading to the evolution of unusual social skills in our own species. The study of convergent evolution provides an exciting opportunity to gain further insights into the evolutionary processes leading to human-like forms of cooperation and communication.
	Address	Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, Germany. hare@eva.mpg.de
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1364-6613	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16061417			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	546
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	Author	Digweed, Shannon M.; Fedigan, Linda M.; Rendall, Drew
	Title	Variable specificity in the anti-predator vocalizations and behaviour of the white-faced capuchin, Cebus capucinus			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Behaviour	Abbreviated Journal	Behaviour
	Volume	142	Issue	8	Pages	997-1021
	Keywords
	Abstract	(Accepted: 23 June 2005) Summary Much research in animal communication is aimed at understanding the functional design features of animal vocal signals. Our detailed analyses of the vocalizations and behavioural responses elicited in white-faced capuchins by predators and other disturbances point to two call variants that differ modestly in their acoustic structure and that are accompanied by functionally distinct behavioural responses. The first variant is given exclusively to avian predators and is almost invariably accompanied by the monkeys immediate descent from the treetops where it is most vulnerable; therefore, we label this call variant the aerial predator alarm?. The second variant, that differs only slightly but noticeably from the first, is given to a wide range of snakes and mammals, including a range of species that represent no predatory threat to the monkeys. This second call is also associated with more variable responses from calling monkeys, from delayed retreat from the source of disturbance, to active approach, inspection, and sometimes mobbing of the animal involved. We therefore label this variant more generally as an “alerting call”. Although some other primate species show a more diverse system of anti-predator calls, and the capuchins themselves may yet be found to produce a greater variety of calls, a system of two call variants with varying degrees of predator specificity and behavioural response is not uncommon among primates and appears functionally appropriate for capuchins. The basic structure of the alerting call allows conspecific listeners to localize the caller and the source of disturbance readily, thereby allowing listeners to approach and assist in mobbing in cases where the disturbance warrants it, or to avoid the area in cases where the disturbance is identified as a predatory threat. Conversely, the aerial predator alarm is inherently less localizable and therefore conveys the
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	547
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	Author	Zhou, W.-X.; Sornette, D.; Hill, R.A.; Dunbar, R.I.M.
	Title	Discrete hierarchical organization of social group sizes			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society	Abbreviated Journal	Proc Biol Sci
	Volume	272	Issue	1561	Pages	439-444
	Keywords	Anthropology, Cultural; Group Structure; Humans; Models, Biological; Social Behavior; Social Environment
	Abstract	The 'social brain hypothesis' for the evolution of large brains in primates has led to evidence for the coevolution of neocortical size and social group sizes, suggesting that there is a cognitive constraint on group size that depends, in some way, on the volume of neural material available for processing and synthesizing information on social relationships. More recently, work on both human and non-human primates has suggested that social groups are often hierarchically structured. We combine data on human grouping patterns in a comprehensive and systematic study. Using fractal analysis, we identify, with high statistical confidence, a discrete hierarchy of group sizes with a preferred scaling ratio close to three: rather than a single or a continuous spectrum of group sizes, humans spontaneously form groups of preferred sizes organized in a geometrical series approximating 3-5, 9-15, 30-45, etc. Such discrete scale invariance could be related to that identified in signatures of herding behaviour in financial markets and might reflect a hierarchical processing of social nearness by human brains.
	Address	State Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0962-8452	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15734699			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	549
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	Author	Moehlman, P.D.
	Title	Endangered wild equids			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Scientific American	Abbreviated Journal	Sci Am
	Volume	292	Issue	3	Pages	74-81
	Keywords	Africa; Americas; Animals; Animals, Wild/physiology; Asia; Conservation of Energy Resources; Environment; *Equidae/physiology; Food Chain; Humans; Male; Reproduction
	Abstract
	Address	IUCN-The World Conservation Union/Species Survival Commission Equid Specialist Group
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0036-8733	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15859216			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	551
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