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| Author | Hodgson, D.; Howe, S.; Jeffcott, L.; Reid, S.; Mellor, D.; Higgins, A. | ||||
| Title | Effect of prolonged use of altrenogest on behaviour in mares | Type | |||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997) | Abbreviated Journal | Vet J |
| Volume | 169 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 113-115 |
| Keywords | Administration, Oral; Anabolic Agents/adverse effects/*pharmacology; Animals; Behavior, Animal/*drug effects; Body Constitution/drug effects; Body Weight/drug effects; *Doping in Sports; Female; Horses/*physiology; Social Behavior; Social Dominance; Time Factors; Trenbolone/adverse effects/*analogs & derivatives/*pharmacology | ||||
| Abstract | Erratum in: Vet J. 2005 May;169(3):321. Corrected and republished in: Vet J. 2005 May;169(3):322-5. Oral administration of altrenogest for oestrus suppression in competition horses is believed to be widespread in some equestrian disciplines, and can be administered continuously for several months during a competition season. To examine whether altrenogest has any anabolic or other potential performance enhancing properties that may give a horse an unfair advantage, we examined the effect of oral altrenogest (0.044 mg/kg), given daily for a period of eight weeks, on social hierarchy, activity budget, body-mass and body condition score of 12 sedentary mares. We concluded that prolonged oral administration of altrenogest at recommended dose rates to sedentary mares resulted in no effect on dominance hierarchies, body mass or condition score. |
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| Address | Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Private Mailbag 4, Narellan Delivery Centre, Narellan, NSW 2567, Australia. davidh@camden.usyd.edu.au | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title  |
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1090-0233 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:15683772 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 671 | ||
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| Author | Moses, S.N.; Villate, C.; Ryan, J.D. | ||||
| Title | An investigation of learning strategy supporting transitive inference performance in humans compared to other species | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Neuropsychologia | Abbreviated Journal | Neuropsychologia |
| Volume | 44 | Issue | 8 | Pages | 1370-1387 |
| Keywords | Adult; Analysis of Variance; Association Learning/*physiology; *Cognition; *Concept Formation; Female; Humans; *Logic; Male; Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology; Photic Stimulation/methods; Reaction Time/physiology | ||||
| Abstract | Generalizations about neural function are often drawn from non-human animal models to human cognition, however, the assumption of cross-species conservation may sometimes be invalid. Humans may use different strategies mediated by alternative structures, or similar structures may operate differently within the context of the human brain. The transitive inference problem, considered a hallmark of logical reasoning, can be solved by non-human species via associative learning rather than logic. We tested whether humans use similar strategies to other species for transitive inference. Results are crucial for evaluating the validity of widely accepted assumptions of similar neural substrates underlying performance in humans and other animals. Here we show that successful transitive inference in humans is unrelated to use of associative learning strategies and is associated with ability to report the hierarchical relationship among stimuli. Our work stipulates that cross-species generalizations must be interpreted cautiously, since performance on the same task may be mediated by different strategies and/or neural systems. | ||||
| Address | Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Toronto, Canada. smoses@rotman-baycrest.on.ca | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title |
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| ISSN | 0028-3932 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:16503340 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 153 | ||
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| Author | Cameron, E.Z. | ||||
| Title | Facultative adjustment of mammalian sex ratios in support of the Trivers-Willard hypothesis: evidence for a mechanism | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society | Abbreviated Journal | Proc Biol Sci |
| Volume | 271 | Issue | 1549 | Pages | 1723-1728 |
| Keywords | Age Factors; Animals; Body Constitution; *Evolution; Female; Glucose/metabolism/physiology; Litter Size; Male; Mammals/*physiology; *Models, Biological; Reproduction/physiology; Seasons; Sex Factors; *Sex Ratio; Time Factors | ||||
| Abstract | Evolutionary theory predicts that mothers of different condition should adjust the birth sex ratio of their offspring in relation to future reproductive benefits. Published studies addressing variation in mammalian sex ratios have produced surprisingly contradictory results. Explaining the source of such variation has been a challenge for sex-ratio theory, not least because no mechanism for sex-ratio adjustment is known. I conducted a meta-analysis of previous mammalian sex-ratio studies to determine if there are any overall patterns in sex-ratio variation. The contradictory nature of previous results was confirmed. However, studies that investigated indices of condition around conception show almost unanimous support for the prediction that mothers in good condition bias their litters towards sons. Recent research on the role of glucose in reproductive functioning have shown that excess glucose favours the development of male blastocysts, providing a potential mechanism for sex-ratio variation in relation to maternal condition around conception. Furthermore, many of the conflicting results from studies on sex-ratio adjustment would be explained if glucose levels in utero during early cell division contributed to the determination of offspring sex ratios. | ||||
| Address | Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa. ezcameron@zoology.up.ac.za | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title |
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0962-8452 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:15306293 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 413 | ||
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| Author | Huebener, E. | ||||
| Title | Der Natur abgelauschte Erkenntnisse: Der Weg zum Balancesitz und zum Begreifen des Timers für Signale an das Pferd; | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Tierärztliche Umschau | Abbreviated Journal | Tierärztl. Umschau |
| Volume | 2 | Issue | Pages | 90-99 | |
| Keywords | Bewegungen des Pferdes – Fundament des Reiter-Sitzes – Timer für Signale an das Pferd – Reflexe – Kommunikation – Forschungsbedarf | ||||
| Abstract | Zusammenfassung Mit dem Beitrag “Die Bewegungen von Pferderumpf und -rücken aus der Sicht des Reiters” (TU 59, 327-334, 2004) wurde um universitäre Forschung zur Ermittlung gemessener Werte für diese Begleiter der Fortbewegung geworben. Die Entdeckung des Ranges der Rumpf-Rücken-Bewegungen für pferdgerechtes und kultiviertes, feinfühliges Reiten ist mit der Entwicklung des Balancesitzes und der Technik des vom Pferd Zeitvorgaben Empfangens und ihm Signale Sendens (Reiter sagen: des Fühlens und Einwirkens) eng verbunden. Ihre Geschichte läßt sich über viereinhalb Jahrhunderte verfolgen. Ein kurzer Abriß wird hier nachgeliefert. Er mündet erneut in ein Plädoyer für interdisziplinäres universitäres Forschen, weil auch bei Sitz und Hilfengebung, weiteren Grundlagen des Reitens – im Interesse effektiveren Unterrichts an der Basis unseres “Sports” – dringender Klärungsbedarf besteht. |
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| Language | German | Summary Language | Original Title |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 421 | ||
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| Author | Huebener, E. | ||||
| Title | The Rider's Impacts and Their Timers – Example: Rider's Aids for Transitions Between Different Gaits. | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Tierärztliche Umschau | Abbreviated Journal | Tierärztl. Umschau |
| Volume | 10 | Issue | Pages | 515-532 | |
| Keywords | Animal-friendly rider-horse communication – signals for changing the footfall – knee-jerk impacts in the single “fitting” moment – singular timer for those – immediate “obedience” | ||||
| Abstract | The scientific investigation of the basics of the inherited riding teachings assists in conserving its values. Riding instructors should be able to teach not only “how” but also “why”. The classic European riding teachings that have developed across the centuries are based on perceptions that have their roots in natural phenomena. They are being mirrored, for instance, in the aids to stimulate the change from one gait to the next. The movements of the horse's trunk and back provide timers for horse-friendly, sensitive aids that create attentive, diligent and happily cooperating horses. |
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| Language | German | Summary Language | Original Title |
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| Notes | Approved | yes | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 434 | ||
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| Author | Huebener, E. | ||||
| Title | Einwirkungen des Reiters nach Zeitgeber ? Beispiel: Hilfen für Übergänge von einer Gangart in eine andere; | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Tierärztliche Umschau | Abbreviated Journal | Tierärztl. Umschau |
| Volume | 10 | Issue | Pages | 515-532 | |
| Keywords | Tiergerechte Reiter:Pferd-Kommunikation – Signale für das Ändern der Fußfolge – Einwirkungen im allein “passenden” Moment – alleiniger Timer dafür – “Sekundengehorsam” | ||||
| Abstract | Zusammenfassung Wissenschaftliches Erfassen von Grundlagen der ererbten Reitlehre hilft, deren Werte zu bewahren. Und Reiten Lehrende dürfen nicht nur das “Wie”, sie sollten auch das “Weshalb” vermitteln können. Die Grundlagen der in Jahrhunderten entstandenen klassischen europäischen Reitlehre beruhen auf der Natur abgelauschten Erkenntnissen. Sie spiegeln sich u. a. in den Hilfen für Übergänge aus einer Gangart in eine andere. Die Bewegungen von Pferderumpf und -rücken liefern den Zeitgeber für jene pferdgerechte, feinfühlige Hilfengebung, die aufmerksam, fleißig und freudig mitarbeitende Pferde schafft. |
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| Language | German | Summary Language | Original Title |
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| Notes | Approved | yes | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 425 | ||
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| Author | Hemelrijk, C.K.; Wantia, J. | ||||
| Title | Individual variation by self-organisation | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews | Abbreviated Journal | Neurosci Biobehav Rev |
| Volume | 29 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 125-136 |
| Keywords | Aggression; Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Competitive Behavior/*physiology; Female; Humans; *Individuality; Male; Models, Psychological; Sex Characteristics; *Social Dominance; Time Factors | ||||
| Abstract | In this paper, we show that differences in dominance and spatial centrality of individuals in a group may arise through self-organisation. Our instrument is a model, called DomWorld, that represents two traits that are often found in animals, namely grouping and competing. In this model individual differences grow under the following conditions: (1) when the intensity of aggression increases and grouping becomes denser, (2) when the degree of sexual dimorphism in fighting power increases. In this case the differences among females compared to males grow too, (3) when, upon encountering another individual, the tendency to attack is 'obligate' and not conditional, namely 'sensitive to risks'. Results resemble phenomena described for societies of primates, mice, birds and pigs. | ||||
| Address | Theoretical Biology, University of Groningen, NN Haren, The Netherlands. hemelrij@ifi.unizh.ch | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title |
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0149-7634 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:15652260 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 443 | ||
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| Author | Acuna, B.D.; Sanes, J.N.; Donoghue, J.P. | ||||
| Title | Cognitive mechanisms of transitive inference | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication | Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation cerebrale | Abbreviated Journal | Exp Brain Res |
| Volume | 146 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 1-10 |
| Keywords | Adolescent; Adult; Attention/*physiology; Cognition/*physiology; Female; Humans; Learning/physiology; Linear Models; Male; Photic Stimulation; Psychomotor Performance/physiology; Reaction Time/physiology | ||||
| Abstract | We examined how the brain organizes interrelated facts during learning and how the facts are subsequently manipulated in a transitive inference (TI) paradigm (e.g., if A<B and B<C, then A<C). This task determined features such as learned facts and behavioral goals, but the learned facts could be organized in any of several ways. For example, if one learns a list by operating on paired items, the pairs may be stored individually as separate facts and reaction time (RT) should decrease with learning. Alternatively, the pairs may be stored as a single, unified list, which may yield a different RT pattern. We characterized RT patterns that occurred as participants learned, by trial and error, the predetermined order of 11 shapes. The task goal was to choose the shape occurring closer to the end of the list, and feedback about correctness was provided during this phase. RT increased even as its variance decreased during learning, suggesting that the learnt knowledge became progressively unified into a single representation, requiring more time to manipulate as participants acquired relational knowledge. After learning, non-adjacent (NA) list items were presented to examine how participants reasoned in a TI task. The task goal also required choosing from each presented pair the item occurring closer to the list end, but without feedback. Participants could solve the TI problems by applying formal logic to the previously learnt pairs of adjacent items; alternatively, they could manipulate a single, unified representation of the list. Shorter RT occurred for NA pairs having more intervening items, supporting the hypothesis that humans employ unified mental representations during TI. The response pattern does not support mental logic solutions of applying inference rules sequentially, which would predict longer RT with more intervening items. We conclude that the brain organizes information in such a way that reflects the relations among the items, even if the facts were learned in an arbitrary order, and that this representation is subsequently used to make inferences. | ||||
| Address | Department of Neuroscience, Box 1953, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI 02912, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title |
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0014-4819 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:12192572 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 602 | ||
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| Author | Horowitz, A.C. | ||||
| Title | Do humans ape? Or do apes human? Imitation and intention in humans (Homo sapiens) and other animals | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Journal of comparative psychology | Abbreviated Journal | J Comp Psychol |
| Volume | 117 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 325-336 |
| Keywords | Adolescent; Adult; Animals; *Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Child, Preschool; Concept Formation; Female; Humans; *Imitative Behavior; Male; Motivation; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; *Problem Solving; *Psychomotor Performance; Reaction Time; Species Specificity | ||||
| Abstract | A. Whiten, D. M. Custance, J.-C. Gomez, P. Teixidor, and K. A. Bard (1996) tested chimpanzees' (Pan troglodytes) and human children's (Homo sapiens) skills at imitation with a 2-action test on an “artificial fruit.” Chimpanzees imitated to a restricted degree; children were more thoroughly imitative. Such results prompted some to assert that the difference in imitation indicates a difference in the subjects' understanding of the intentions of the demonstrator (M. Tomasello, 1996). In this experiment, 37 adult human subjects were tested with the artificial fruit. Far from being perfect imitators, the adults were less imitative than the children. These results cast doubt on the inference from imitative performance to an ability to understand others' intentions. The results also demonstrate how any test of imitation requires a control group and attention to the level of behavioral analysis. | ||||
| Address | Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA. ahorowitz@crl.ucsd.edu | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Washington, D.C. : 1983 | Editor | ||
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title |
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0735-7036 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:14498809 | Approved | yes | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 736 | ||
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| Author | van Dierendonck, M.C.; Bandi, N.; Batdorj, D.; Dugerlham, S.; Munkhtsog, B. | ||||
| Title | Behavioural observations of reintroduced Takhi or Przewalski horses (Equus ferus przewalskii) in Mongolia | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 50 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 95-114 |
| Keywords | Horse; Przewalski's horse; Reintroduction; Time budget; Social organisation; Basic reference dataset | ||||
| Abstract | During 1992 and 1993, 14 reintroduced Przewalski Horses or Takhi (Equus ferus przewalskii) were studied in the Hustain Nuruu Mountain Steppe reserve in Mongolia. Most of the individuals did not know each other before reintroduction. These Takhi were the first of five groups due to be released in the reserve after an acclimatisation period of at least 1 year. During acclimatisation the Takhi, lived visually and acoustically separately, in fenced enclosures of approximately 45 ha each. The observations, mostly scan-sampling, were carried out in each season. The observation bouts were divided over six periods and over two harem herds. Two of the periods were in the same consecutive seasons, so comparison over the years was possible. Social integration within the Takhi herds was very high from the beginning, as described by the spatial relation and synchronisation data. Between 50 and 89% of the observation time, the behaviour of all herd members was synchronised. The amount of time spent grazing by the Takhi (30-68% of the daylight period) was similar to that of feral horses and Takhi in captivity and semi-reserves. The Takhi tended to rest in the morning and have a bimodal period of grazing at dawn and in the afternoon. The Takhi displayed clear habitat preferences for certain activities. They had a strong preference to rest at the highest point in their enclosure. They fed preferably on two or three different vegetation types (with five types available in each enclosure). The amount of time spent grazing during the non-growing seasons (49 +/- 15%) indicates that the feeding value and availability of food were sufficient. Health changes were detected adequately using condition scoring sheets. No supplementary food or water was supplied during the harsh winters. Moreover, low mortality rates and high reproductive success show that the mountain steppe is a habitat which is potentially suitable for establishing a healthy Takhi population. Takhi is the first species to return to its native habitat after living only in zoos for so many generations. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 762 | ||
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