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Nelson, E.E.; Shelton, S.E.; Kalin, N.H. |
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Title |
Individual differences in the responses of naive rhesus monkeys to snakes |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Emotion (Washington, D.C.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Emotion |
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Volume |
3 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
3-11 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Arousal; Attention; Escape Reaction; *Fear; Female; Habituation, Psychophysiologic; *Individuality; Macaca mulatta/*psychology; Male; Phobic Disorders/psychology; *Snakes |
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Abstract |
The authors demonstrated individual differences in inhibited behavior and withdrawal responses of laboratory-born rhesus monkeys when initially exposed to a snake. Most monkeys displayed a small significant increase in their behavioral inhibition in the presence of a snake. A few monkeys had marked responses, and some actively withdrew. Although the responses of the most extreme laboratory-born monkeys were comparable to feral-born monkeys, the responses of the laboratory-born monkeys rapidly habituated. The individual differences in the responses of naive monkeys likely reflect a continuum from orienting to wariness to fear. A neurobiological model is presented that addresses potential mechanisms underlying these individual differences, their relation to fear, and how they may predispose to phobia development. |
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Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53719-1176, USA |
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1528-3542 |
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PMID:12899313 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4174 |
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Author |
Rumbaugh, D.M.; Riesen, A.H.; Wright, S.C. |
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Title |
Creative responsiveness to objects: a report of a pilot study with young apes |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1972 |
Publication |
Folia Primatologica; International Journal of Primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Folia Primatol (Basel) |
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Volume |
17 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
397-403 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Creativeness; *Hominidae; Pan troglodytes; Play and Playthings; *Problem Solving |
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0015-5713 |
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PMID:5082622 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4183 |
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Overli, O.; Korzan, W.J.; Hoglund, E.; Winberg, S.; Bollig, H.; Watt, M.; Forster, G.L.; Barton, B.A.; OVerli, E.; Renner, K.J.; Summers, C.H. |
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Title |
Stress coping style predicts aggression and social dominance in rainbow trout |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Hormones and Behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
Horm Behav |
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Volume |
45 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
235-241 |
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Keywords |
Adaptation, Psychological/physiology; Aggression/*physiology; Animals; *Dominance-Subordination; Female; *Hierarchy, Social; Hydrocortisone/blood; Individuality; Male; Matched-Pair Analysis; Oncorhynchus mykiss/*physiology; Stress/*physiopathology |
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Social stress is frequently used as a model for studying the neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying stress-induced behavioral inhibition, depression, and fear conditioning. It has previously been shown that social subordination may result in increased glucocorticoid release and changes in brain signaling systems. However, it is still an open question which neuroendocrine and behavioral differences are causes, and which are consequences of social status. Using juvenile rainbow trout of similar size and with no apparent differences in social history, we demonstrate that the ability to win fights for social dominance can be predicted from the duration of a behavioral response to stress, in this case appetite inhibition after transfer to a new environment. Moreover, stress responsiveness in terms of confinement-induced changes in plasma cortisol was negatively correlated to aggressive behavior. Fish that exhibited lower cortisol responses to a standardized confinement test were markedly more aggressive when being placed in a dominant social position later in the study. These findings support the view that distinct behavioral-physiological stress coping styles are present in teleost fish, and these coping characteristics influence both social rank and levels of aggression. |
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Biology Department and Neuroscience Group, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA. oyvind.overli@bio.uio.no |
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0018-506X |
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PMID:15053939 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4192 |
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Author |
Robinson, I.H. |
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Title |
The human-horse relationship: how much do we know? |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J Suppl |
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28 |
Pages |
42-45 |
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Keywords |
*Animal Husbandry/economics; Animals; *Bonding, Human-Pet; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Hobbies; *Horses; Humans; Power (Psychology); Sports |
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Human relationships or interactions with horses have varied throughout history depending on human needs, but it is horses' ability to carry a human individual that has had perhaps the greatest impact on their relationship with man. Despite our long association with the horse, there have been few studies on human-horse relationships. There is little historical evidence on individual relationships with horses but indications of strong human-horse relationships have been noted in mounted societies, such as North American Plains Indians. Riding a horse has traditionally been associated with power, and was reserved for the ruling elite in many areas. Demographic data suggest that human relationships with horses may have changed in recent times. Although the lack of land and the relatively high cost of horse care may reduce the possibility of ownership for many people, the availability of riding establishments and increases in leisure time mean that riding is no longer restricted to the upper classes. There is a wide range in type and intensity of potential interactions with horses, indicating that human-horse relationships are likely to vary considerably. Some people appear to sacrifice a great deal in order to own a horse. However, the motivation behind these activities and the process by which an individual assesses personal costs of ownership versus their perceived benefits remains to be studied. Future research should focus on characterising the human-horse relationship, and the degree of individual and cultural variation. A greater understanding of horse owner perceptions of 'costs' versus 'benefits' may also increase our understanding of the relationship and the economic importance of horses in society. |
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WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Leics LE14 4RT, UK |
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Notes |
PMID:11314234 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4361 |
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Author |
Edwards, D.H.; Spitzer, N. |
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Title |
6. Social dominance and serotonin receptor genes in crayfish |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Current Topics in Developmental Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Curr Top Dev Biol |
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Volume |
74 |
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Pages |
177-199 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Astacoidea/*genetics/physiology; Humans; Receptors, Serotonin/*genetics; Serotonin/physiology; *Social Dominance |
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Abstract |
Gene expression affects social behavior only through changes in the excitabilities of neural circuits that govern the release of the relevant motor programs. In turn, social behavior affects gene expression only through patterns of sensory stimulation that produce significant activation of relevant portions of the nervous system. In crayfish, social interactions between pairs of animals lead to changes in behavior that mark the formation of a dominance hierarchy. Those changes in behavior result from changes in the excitability of specific neural circuits. In the new subordinate, circuits for offensive behavior become less excitable and those for defensive behavior become more excitable. Serotonin, which is implicated in mechanisms for social dominance in many animals, modulates circuits for escape and avoidance responses in crayfish. The modulatory effects of serotonin on the escape circuits have been found to change with social dominance, becoming excitatory in dominant crayfish and inhibitory in subordinates. These changes in serotonin's effects on escape affect the synaptic response to sensory input of a single cell, the lateral giant (LG) command neuron for escape. Moreover, these changes occur over a 2-week period and for the subordinate are reversible at any time following a reversal of the animal's status. The results have suggested that a persistent change in social status leads to a gradual change in the expression of serotonin receptors to a pattern that is more appropriate for the new status. To test that hypothesis, the expression patterns of crayfish serotonin receptors must be compared in dominant and subordinate animals. Two of potentially five serotonin receptors in crayfish have been cloned, sequenced, and pharmacologically characterized. Measurements of receptor expression in the whole CNS of dominant and subordinate crayfish have produced inconclusive results, probably because each receptor is widespread in the nervous system and is likely to experience opposite expression changes in different areas of the CNS. Both receptors have recently been found in identified neurons that mediate escape responses, and so the next step will be to measure their expression in these identified cells in dominant and subordinate animals. |
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Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA |
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0070-2153 |
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PMID:16860668 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4364 |
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Author |
Kesel, L.; Neil, D.H. |
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Restraint and handling of animals |
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1998 |
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Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians. 4th ed. |
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1-26 |
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Cited By (since 1996): 1; Export Date: 21 October 2008 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4523 |
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Luescher, U.A.; McKeown, D.B.; Dean, H. |
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A cross-sectional study on compulsive behaviour (stable vices) in horses |
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1998 |
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Equine veterinary journal. Supplement |
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27 |
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14-18 |
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Cited By (since 1996): 22; Export Date: 21 October 2008 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4527 |
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Waring, G.H. |
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2003 |
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Horse behavior. 2nd ed |
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442 pp |
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Cited By (since 1996): 1; Export Date: 21 October 2008 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4548 |
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Clutton-Brock, T.H.; Guinness, F.E.; Albon, S.D. |
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Title |
Red Deer: The Behavior and Ecology of Two Sexes |
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1982 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4886 |
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Kummer, H. |
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Social Organisation of Hamadryas Baboons |
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1968 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4887 |
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