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Doucette, T.A.; Ryan, C.L.; Tasker, R.A. |
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Gender-based changes in cognition and emotionality in a new rat model of epilepsy |
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2007 |
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Amino Acids |
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32 |
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317-322 |
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3404 |
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Bizot J.-C.; Thiebot M.-H. |
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Impulsivity as a confounding factor in certain animal tests of cognitive function |
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1996 |
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Cognitive Brain Research |
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3 |
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243-250 |
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3450 |
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Weed M.R.; Taffe M.A.; Polis I.; Roberts A.C.; Robbins T.W.; Koob G.F.; Bloom F.E.; Gold L.H. |
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Performance norms for a rhesus monkey neuropsychological testing battery: acquisition and long-term performance |
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1999 |
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Cognitive Brain Research |
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8 |
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185-201 |
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3459 |
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Quinn P.C.; Eimas P.D.; Tarr M.J. |
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Title |
Perceptual Categorization of Cat and Dog Silhouettes by 3- to 4-Month-Old Infants |
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2001 |
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Journal of Experimental Child Psychology |
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79 |
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78-94 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3474 |
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Tavares M.C.H.; Tomaz C. |
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Title |
Working memory in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) |
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2002 |
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Behavioural Brain Research |
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Behav. Brain. Res. |
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131 |
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131-137 |
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3486 |
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Held, S.; Mendl, M.; Devereux, C.; Byrne, R.W. |
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Title |
Studies in Social Cognition: From Primates to Pigs |
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2001 |
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Animal Welfare |
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10 |
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209-217 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3494 |
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Evans, C.S.; Evans, L. |
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Title |
Representational signalling in birds |
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2007 |
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Biology Letters |
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3 |
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1 |
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8-11 |
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Abstract |
Some animals give specific calls when they discover food or detect a particular type of predator. Companions respond with food-searching behaviour or by adopting appropriate escape responses. These signals thus seem to denote objects in the environment, but this specific mechanism has only been demonstrated for monkey alarm calls. We manipulated whether fowl (Gallus gallus) had recently found a small quantity of preferred food and then tested for a specific interaction between this event and their subsequent response to playback of food calls. In one treatment, food calls thus potentially provided information about the immediate environment, while in the other the putative message was redundant with individual experience. Food calls evoked substrate searching, but only if the hens had not recently discovered food. An identical manipulation had no effect on responses to an acoustically matched control call. These results show that chicken food calls are representational signals: they stimulate retrieval of information about a class of external events. This is the first such demonstration for any non-primate species. Representational signalling is hence more taxonomically widespread than has previously been thought, suggesting that it may be the product of common social factors, rather than an attribute of a particular phylogenetic lineage. |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3523 |
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Rescorla, R.A.; Holland, P.C. |
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Title |
Behavioral Studies of Associative Learning in Animals |
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1982 |
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Annual Review of Psychology |
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33 |
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1 |
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265-308 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3540 |
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Kamil, A.C.; Roitblat, H.L. |
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The Ecology of Foraging Behavior: Implications for Animal Learning and Memory |
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1985 |
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Annual Review of Psychology |
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36 |
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1 |
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141-169 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3543 |
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Wennerstrand, J.; Johnston, C.; Roethlisberger-Holm, K.; Erichsen, C.; Eksell, P.; Drevemo, S. |
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Kinematic evaluation of the back in the sport horse with back pain |
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2004 |
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Equine Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
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36 |
Issue |
8 |
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707-711 |
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Animals; Back/*physiology; Back Pain/diagnosis/physiopathology/*veterinary; Biomechanics; Exercise Test/veterinary; Gait/*physiology; Horse Diseases/diagnosis/*physiopathology; Horses/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Locomotion/physiology; Lumbar Vertebrae/physiology; Range of Motion, Articular; Stress, Mechanical; Thoracic Vertebrae/physiology; Weight-Bearing |
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Earlier studies have developed a clinical tool to evaluate objectively the function of the equine back. The ability to differentiate horses with back pain from asymptomatic, fully functioning horses using kinematic measures from this tool has not been evaluated. OBJECTIVES: To compare the kinematics of the back at walk and trot in riding horses with back dysfunction to the same parameters in asymptomatic sport horses. METHODS: The kinematics of the back in 12 horses with impaired performance and back pain were studied at walk and trot on a treadmill. Data were captured for 10 sees at 240 Hz. Range of movement (ROM) and intravertebral pattern symmetry of movement for flexion and extension (FE), lateral bending (LB) and axial rotation (AR) were derived from angular motion pattern data and the results compared to an earlier established database on asymptomatic riding horses. RESULTS: At walk, horses with back dysfunction had a ROM smaller for dorsoventral FE in the caudal thoracic region (T13 = 7.50 degrees, T17 = 7.71 degrees; P<0.05), greater for LB at T13 (8.13 degrees; P<0.001) and smaller for AR of the pelvis (10.97 degrees; P<0.05) compared to asymptomatic horses (FE-T13 = 8.28 degrees, FE-T17 = 8.49 degrees, LB-T13 = 6.34 degrees, AR-pelvis = 12.77 degrees). At trot, dysfunctional horses had a smaller (P<0.05) ROM for FE at the thoracic lumbar junction (T17 = 2.46 degrees, L1 = 2.60 degrees) compared to asymptomatic horses (FE-T17 = 3.07 degrees, FE-L1 = 3.12 degrees). CONCLUSIONS: The objective measurement technique can detect differences between back kinematics in riding horses with signs of back dysfunction and asymptomatic horses. The clinical manifestation of back pain results in diminished flexion/extension movement at or near the thoracic lumbar junction. However, before applying the method more extensively in practice it is necessary to evaluate it further, including measurements of patients whose diagnoses can be confirmed and long-term follow-ups of back patients after treatment. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Since the objective measurement technique can detect small movement differences in back kinematics, it should help to clinically describe and, importantly, objectively detect horses with back pain and dysfunction. |
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Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden |
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0425-1644 |
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PMID:15656501 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3656 |
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