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Author |
Boesch, C. |
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Title |
Teaching among wild chimpanzees |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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Volume |
41 |
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3 |
Pages |
530-532 |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4707 |
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Author |
Mal, M.E.; Friend, T.H.; Lay, D.C.; Vogelsang, S.G.; Jenkins, O.C. |
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Title |
Behavioral responses of mares to short-term confinement and social isolation |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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Volume |
31 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
13-24 |
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Abstract |
Thirty-six mares, blocked by age and temperament score, were assigned to one of three treatment groups: pasture (P); confinement stalls (C), allowing social contact; isolation stalls (ISS), allowing no contact with conspecifics. After 48 h on treatment, the mares were observed in situ for 1 h. Medium temperament and highly reactive ISS mares spent more time eating grain (P<0.01) and exhibited more grain-eating bouts (P<0.03) than P and C mares. Calm P mares had longer forage-eating bouts than C and ISS mares (P<0.02). During a 15 min open-field test in a 23 m x 23 m pen after 72 h on treatment, ISS mares traveled farther (P<0.005) than C and P mares, spent more total time trotting (P<0.01) than C and P mares, and exhibited a greater number of trotting bouts (P<0.01) than both C and P mares. Isolated mares spent less total time standing during the open-field test than C (P<0.05) and P (P<0.01) mares, but exhibited a greater number of standing bouts than C (P<0.05) and P (P<0.01) mares. Isolated mares also exhibited a greater number of total activity bouts (P<0.01) during the open-field test than both C and P mares; P mares also exhibited fewer activity bouts than C mares (P<0.1). Results indicate that mares kept in confined and isolated environments showed greater motivation for movement and performance of a greater number of activities than those maintained on pasture with conspecifics. |
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ISSN |
0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4820 |
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Author |
Penzhorn, B.L.; Novellie, P.A. |
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Title |
Some behavioural traits of Cape mountain zebras (Equus zebra zebra) and their implications for the management of a small conservation area |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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Volume |
29 |
Issue |
1-4 |
Pages |
293-299 |
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The social organisation of mountain zebras (Equus zebra zebra) consists of breeding herds (1 male, 2.4 females (range 1-5) and their offspring) which remain stable over many years, and bachelor groups. Foals leave their maternal herds of their own accord. In a free-ranging population the behaviour of the foals in leaving the herd is probably an adequate mechanism to prevent inbreeding, but inbreeding may occur in confined populations. Individual recognition by means of stripe pattern allows a check to be kept. Seasonal movement of mountain zebras is associated with a relative change in diet quality (as indicated by crude protein contents of preferred food plants and of faeces) between summer and winter habitats. Any conservation area should be large and varied enough to include both summer and winter habitats. Mountain zebras favour taller grass than most antelope species, harvesting their food at 50-150 mm from the ground. The existence of large populations of antelope could, therefore, be detrimental to zebras. |
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0168-1591 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5074 |
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Author |
Noë, R.; van Schaik, C.P.; van Hooff, J.A.R.A.M. |
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Title |
The Market Effect: an Explanation for Pay-off Asymmetries among Collaborating Animals |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethology |
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Volume |
87 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
97-118 |
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Abstract * 1Animals can derive leverage over others from (a) resource holding power, based for instance on fighting ability or dominance, and (b) the possession of commodities, such as special skills and resources that cannot be taken away by force. * 2We contend that power based on the possession of commodities strongly depends on the level of supply and demand for that commodity, a phenomenon we call the ‘market effect’. * 3Several theoretical and empirical examples are given of social systems in which animals belong to two distinct classes that offer two different kinds of commodities. * 4The relative frequency of occurrence of the two classes is shown to determine the relative power of their members. * 5We consider the theoretical properties of bargaining processes by which relative power is converted into corresponding pay-off distributions. * 6We propose coalition games, a class of games with more than two players and in which bargaining is possible, as suitable paradigms for collaboration among members of social units. |
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Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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ISSN |
1439-0310 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5413 |
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Author |
Chase, M.W.; Hills, H.H. |
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Title |
Silica Gel: An Ideal Material for Field Preservation of Leaf Samples for DNA Studies |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Taxon |
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Volume |
40 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
215-220 |
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Abstract |
Silica gels an inexpensive and reliable substance to preserve field-collected leaves for molecular studies of variation in DNA. A method for its utilization is explained, and results are presented, comparing total cellular DNA samples extracted from a set of fresh and silica-gel dried samples of the same species, as well as examining the efficiency of endonuclease restriction and intactness of DNA from of a set of field-collected leaves preserved with silica gel. |
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International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) |
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0040-0262 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6004 |
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Author |
Lee, P. |
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Title |
Adaptation to environmental change:an evolutionary perspective |
Type |
Book Chapter |
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Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Primate responses to environmental changes |
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Pages |
39-56 |
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Chapmann & Hall |
Place of Publication |
London |
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H. O. Box |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6523 |
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Author |
Caanitz, H.; O'Leary, L.; Houpt, K.; Petersson, K.; Hintz, H. |
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Title |
Effect of exercise on equine behavior |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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31 |
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1-2 |
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1-12 |
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The effect of short periods of strenuous exertion, in this case treadmill exercise, on the subsequent behavior of Standardbred horses was examined. Six horses were exercised on a high-speed treadmill 4 or 5 days per week, for 3-4 miles (approximately 1.8 m s-1 for 3 min, 5 m s-1 for 12 min, 9 m s-1 for 3 min, 3 m s-1 for 3 min, 1.8 m s-1 for 3 min). The behavior of the horses was observed in the horse's home stall immediately after exercise and 2-7 h after exercise. Focal animal sampling for a total of 150 h revealed that the horses spent significantly more time drinking and less time resting after exercise than they did on control (non-exercise or rest days). The greatest influence on behavior was seen immediately after exercise. The horses spent 13.2+/-2.7 s per 15 min drinking after exercise and 7.2+/-2.3 s per 15 min drinking on non-exercise days. They spent 7.3+/-1.5 min h-1 stand resting after exercise and 9.7+/-2.1 min h-1 on non-exercise days. These changes in behavior may be related to the physiological changes that accompany exercise. Eating, walking, elimination and self-grooming were not significantly influenced by exercise. In a second experiment the activities of two groups of six Standardbred mares were compared. One group was exercised on the treadmill and the other was not. The exercised horses spent more time drinking and lying, but urinated less than the non-exercised group. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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1989 |
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Author |
Kendrick, K.M. |
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Title |
How the sheep's brain controls the visual recognition of animals and humans |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim Sci. |
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69 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
5008-5016 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2940 |
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Author |
Povinelli DJ; Parks KA; Novak MA |
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Title |
Do rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) attribute knowledge and ignorance to others? |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1991 |
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J. Comp. Psychol. |
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105 |
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318 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3032 |
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Author |
Sakura O; Matsuzawa T |
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Title |
Flexibility of wild chimpanzees nut-cracking behavior using stone hammers and anvils: an experimental analysis |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethology |
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87 |
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237 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3038 |
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