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Kudo, H.; Dunbar, R.I.M. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Neocortex size and social network size in primates |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2001 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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62 |
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4 |
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711-722 |
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Primates use social grooming to service coalitions and it has been suggested that these directly affect the fitness of their members by allowing them to reduce the intrinsic costs associated with living in large groups. We tested two hypotheses about the size of grooming cliques that derive from this suggestion: (1) that grooming clique size should correlate with relative neocortex size and (2) that the size of grooming cliques should be proportional to the size of the groups they have to support. Both predictions were confirmed, although we show that, in respect of neocortex size, there are as many as four statistically distinct grades within the primates (including humans). Analysis of the patterns of grooming among males and females suggested that large primate social groups often consist of a set of smaller female subgroups (in some cases, matrilinearly based coalitions) that are linked by individual males. This may be because males insert themselves into the interstices between weakly bonded female subgroups rather than because they actually hold these subunits together. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4726 |
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Author |
Lefebvre, L.; Whittle, P.; Lascaris, E.; Finkelstein, A. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Feeding innovations and forebrain size in birds |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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Volume |
53 |
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3 |
Pages |
549-560 |
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The links between ecology, behavioural plasticity and brain size are often tested via the comparative method. Given the problems in interpretating comparative tests of learning and cognition, however, alternative measures of plasticity need to be developed. From the short notes section of nine ornithological journals, two separate, exhaustive data sets have been collated on opportunistic foraging innovations in birds of North America (1973-1993;N=196) and the British Isles (1983-1993;N=126). Both the absolute and relative frequencies (corrected for species number per order) of innovations differ between bird orders in a similar fashion in the two geographical zones. Absolute and relative frequency of innovations per order are also related to two measures of relative forebrain size in the two zones. The study confirms predicted trends linking opportunism, brain size and rate of structural evolution. It also suggests that innovation rate in the field may be a useful measure of behavioural plasticity. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4740 |
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Cheney, D.L.; Seyfarth, R.M. |
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Title |
The recognition of social alliances among vervet monkeys |
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1986 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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34 |
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1722-1731 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4864 |
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Jennings, D.J.; Carlin, C.M.; Gammell, M.P. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
A winner effect supports third-party intervention behaviour during fallow deer, Dama dama, fights |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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77 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
343-348 |
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Dama dama; dominance; fallow deer fight; third-party intervention; winner effect |
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Male ungulates engage in intense competition for access to females during the breeding season. Although fights are generally dyadic level encounters, they are on occasion disrupted by the intervention of third-party males. We investigated these third-party interventions using predictions derived from Dugatkin's model (Dugatkin 1998, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 265, 433-437) of intervention behaviour. The model argues that when an individual successfully defeats an opponent there is an increase in the probability of winning a subsequent contest: a winner effect. Third-party intervention behaviour is predicted to occur as it serves to prevent either member of a competing dyad from successfully defeating his opponent, achieving a winner effect and subsequently becoming a threat to the intervener. Consistent with model predictions, our results show that intervening males held significantly higher rank than males that did not intervene and were also more likely to be dominant to both of the competing males. Intervening males did not selectively target competitors based on rank, nor did they target males based on overall dyadic rates of aggression between the intervener and competing males. Furthermore, interveners were more likely to have won their interaction immediately prior to intervention and were also likely to win their interaction subsequent to intervention when compared with contest success of the two competing males. Our results are consistent with predictions that support a winner effect for intervention behaviour in fallow deer fights. |
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0003-3472 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4946 |
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Author |
Udell, M.A.R.; Dorey, N.R.; Wynne, C.D.L. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Wolves outperform dogs in following human social cues |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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Volume |
76 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1767-1773 |
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Keywords |
Canis familiaris; Canis lupus; dog; dog shelter; domestication; momentary distal point; object choice; social cognition; wolf |
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Abstract |
Domestic dogs, Canis familiaris, have been shown capable of finding hidden food by following pointing gestures made with different parts of the human body. However, previous studies have reported that hand-reared wolves, C. lupus, fail to locate hidden food in response to similar points in the absence of extensive training. The failure of wolves to perform this task has led to the proposal that the ability to understand others' intentions is a derived character in dogs, not present in the ancestral population (wolves). Here we show that wolves, given the right rearing environment and daily interaction with humans, can use momentary distal human pointing cues to find food without training, whereas dogs tested outdoors and dogs at an animal shelter do not follow the same human points. In line with past studies, pet dogs tested indoors were successful in following these points. We also show that the reported failure of wolves in some past studies may be due to differences in the testing environment. Our findings indicate that domestication is not a prerequisite for human-like social cognition in canids, and show the need for additional research on the role of rearing conditions and environmental factors in the development of higher-level cognitive abilities. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4964 |
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Author |
Kasuya, E. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Mann-Whitney U test when variances are unequal |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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Volume |
61 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1247-1249 |
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0003-3472 |
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Notes ![sorted by Notes field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5048 |
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Author |
Hemelrijk, C.K. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Models of, and tests for, reciprocity, unidirectionality and other social interaction patterns at a group level |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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39 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1013-1029 |
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Research on reciprocity is impaired by confusing definitions and often wrongly used statistical tests. Here, two models of the mechanism on which reciprocity may be based are discussed and an initial step towards a new fremework for its analysis is presented. A distinction is made between reciprocity and interchange. In the case of reciprocity, for one kind of act the same kind is received in return. In interchange, however, two different kinds of acts are bartered. Three types of reciprocity/interchange in social actions among all pairs of group-members are distinguished ([`]qualitative', [`]relative' and [`]absolute') on the basis of the precision of the reciprocity/interchange. Permutation procedures for association between matrices (such as the Mantel Z and two other newly derived tests) are used as a statistical test for detecting reciprocity/interchange. A rough comparison of the power of the two new tests is included. The tests can be applied to all kinds of group-living animals and to all sorts of social behaviour. The distinction between the three types of reciprocity/interchange and the matching statistical methods are also useful for defining and detecting other patterns in social interactions, like unidirectionality and associations between different kinds of social behaviour. The influence on social interactions of variables like dominance rank, age and sex can be analysed in the three forms by testing correlations between invented matrices which represent the influence of these variables (the so-called hypothesis matrices) and social interaction matrices. These methods are extended for two categories of individuals, thus allowing the investigation of, for example, reciprocity between males and females. The methods are illustrated with examples of coalition formation and grooming behaviour among captive chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5049 |
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Author |
Broom, D.M.; Sena, H.; Moynihan, K.L. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Pigs learn what a mirror image represents and use it to obtain information |
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Journal Article |
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2009 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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78 |
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5 |
Pages |
1037-1041 |
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awareness; cognition; learning; mirror; pig; Sus scrofa |
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Mirror usage has been taken to indicate some degree of awareness in animals. Can pigs, Sus scrofa, obtain information from a mirror? When put in a pen with a mirror in it, young pigs made movements while apparently looking at their image. After 5 h spent with a mirror, the pigs were shown a familiar food bowl, visible in the mirror but hidden behind a solid barrier. Seven out of eight pigs found the food bowl in a mean of 23 s by going away from the mirror and around the barrier. Naïve pigs shown the same looked behind the mirror. The pigs were not locating the food bowl by odour, did not have a preference for the area where the food bowl was and did not go to that area when the food bowl was visible elsewhere. To use information from a mirror and find a food bowl, each pig must have observed features of its surroundings, remembered these and its own actions, deduced relationships among observed and remembered features and acted accordingly. This ability indicates assessment awareness in pigs. The results may have some effects on the design of housing conditions for pigs and may lead to better pig welfare. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5053 |
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Author |
Proops, L.; Walton, M.; McComb, K. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
The use of human-given cues by domestic horses, Equus caballus, during an object choice task |
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Journal Article |
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2010 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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79 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1205-1209 |
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domestication; Equus caballus; horse; interspecific communication; marker cue; pointing; social cognition |
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Selection pressures during domestication are thought to lead to an enhanced ability to use human-given cues. Horses fulfil a wide variety of roles for humans and have been domesticated for at least 5000 years but their ability to read human cues has not been widely studied. We tested the ability of 28 horses to attend to human-given cues in an object choice task. We included five different cues: distal sustained pointing, momentary tapping, marker placement, body orientation and gaze (head) alternation. Horses were able to use the pointing and marker placement cues spontaneously but not the tapping, body orientation and gaze alternation cues. The overall pattern of responding suggests that horses may use cues that provide stimulus enhancement at the time of choice and do not have an understanding of the communicative nature of the cues given. As such, their proficiency at this task appears to be inferior to that of domestic dogs, Canis lupus familiaris, but similar to that of domestic goats, Caprus hircus. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5083 |
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Author |
Ward, C.; Trisko, R.; Smuts, B.B. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Third-party interventions in dyadic play between littermates of domestic dogs, Canis lupus familiaris |
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Journal Article |
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2009 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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78 |
Issue |
5 |
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1153-1160 |
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Canis lupus familiaris; domestic dog; littermates; play; social development; third-party interventions |
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Interventions occur when animals interfere in competitive interactions between two or more individuals. Interveners can alter the nature of the ongoing interaction by targeting one party (attacking, biting) and supporting the other. Three theories have been proposed to account for intervention behaviour: kin selection, reciprocity and direct benefits. The kin selection hypothesis predicts that interveners will selectively support relatives over nonrelatives; the reciprocity hypothesis predicts that when intervener [`]A' supports individual [`]B', later [`]B' will intervene and support [`]A'; and the direct benefits hypothesis predicts that target/support patterns should serve the immediate interests of the intervener. We tested the reciprocity and direct benefits hypotheses by exploring third-party interventions in play fighting among littermates of domestic dogs. Interveners in dyadic play did not preferentially target or support preferred playmates of the intervener. Interveners targeted the dog in the losing role at the time of the intervention, and they did not show reciprocity in support. Taken together, these last two findings suggest that littermates benefit directly and use interventions opportunistically to practise offence behaviours directed at littermates already behaving subordinately. Opportunities to practise targeting in a playful setting may help structure dominance relationships among littermates. Additionally, the tendency for puppies to do what the other is doing (target the dog in the losing role) may pave the way for synchronizing cooperative behaviours during group hunting and territorial defence. The types of behaviours used to intervene changed over development, but the outcome following an intervention remained stable. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5090 |
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