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Author Dugatkin, L.; Alfieri, M.
Title Tit-For-Tat in guppies (Poecilia reticulata): the relative nature of cooperation and defection during predator inspection Type Journal Article
Year 1991 Publication Evolutionary Ecology Abbreviated Journal Evol. Ecol.
Volume 5 Issue 3 Pages 300-309
Keywords Game theory – Tit-For-Tat – predator inspection – guppy
Abstract Summary The introduction of game-theoretical thinking into evolutionary biology has laid the groundwork for a heuristic view of animal behaviour in which individuals employ “strategies” – rules that instruct them how to behave in a given circumstance to maximize relative fitness. Axelrod and Hamilton (1981) found that a strategy called Tit-For-Tat (TFT) is one robust cooperative solution to the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma game. There exists, however, little empirical evidence that animals employ TFT. Predator inspection in fish provides one ecological context in which to examine the use of the TFT strategy.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2177
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Author Dugatkin, L.A.
Title Dynamics of the TIT FOR TAT strategy during predator inspection in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) Type Journal Article
Year 1991 Publication Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Abbreviated Journal Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
Volume 29 Issue 2 Pages 127-132
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Abstract One well-known solution to the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma is the TIT FOR TAT strategy. This strategy has three “characteristics” associated with it. TIT FOR TAT is nice (cooperates on the first move of a game), retaliatory (plays defect against an individual that defected on the prior move), and forgiving (cooperates with an individual which has defected in the past but cooperates in the present). Predator inspection behavior in guppies (Poecilia reticulata) was examined in order to determine whether guppies displayed these three characteristics. Results indicate that while it can be quite difficult to translate the abstract concepts of niceness, retaliation, and forgiveness into measurable behaviors, the data support the hypothesis that guppies display the three characteristics associated with the TIT FOR TAT strategy.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2178
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Author Dugatkin, L.A.; Godin, J.-G.J.
Title Female mate copying in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata): age-dependent effects Type Journal Article
Year 1993 Publication Behavioral Ecology Abbreviated Journal Behav. Ecol.
Volume 4 Issue 4 Pages 289-292
Keywords mate choice, copying, guppy, Poecilia reticulata
Abstract Virtually all studies of mate choice to date have assumed that females choose mates independent of one another. Social cues, however, such as the mate choice of conspecifics, may also play an important role in such decisions. Previous work has shown that female guppies of similar age copy each other's choice of mates. Here we examine the effect of relative age on mate choice copying in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata, and examine whether younger individuals are more likely to copy the mate choice of older conspecifics than vice versa. Results indicate that younger females copy the mate choice of older females, but older individuals do not appear to be influenced by the mate choice of younger individuals.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2181
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Author Sih, A.; Bell, A.; Johnson, J.C.
Title Behavioral syndromes: an ecological and evolutionary overview Type Journal Article
Year 2004 Publication Trends in Ecology & Evolution Abbreviated Journal Trends. Ecol. Evol
Volume 19 Issue 7 Pages 372-378
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Abstract Recent studies suggest that populations and species often exhibit behavioral syndromes; that is, suites of correlated behaviors across situations. An example is an aggression syndrome where some individuals are more aggressive, whereas others are less aggressive across a range of situations and contexts. The existence of behavioral syndromes focuses the attention of behavioral ecologists on limited (less than optimal) behavioral plasticity and behavioral carryovers across situations, rather than on optimal plasticity in each isolated situation. Behavioral syndromes can explain behaviors that appear strikingly non-adaptive in an isolated context (e.g. inappropriately high activity when predators are present, or excessive sexual cannibalism). Behavioral syndromes can also help to explain the maintenance of individual variation in behavioral types, a phenomenon that is ubiquitous, but often ignored. Recent studies suggest that the behavioral type of an individual, population or species can have important ecological and evolutionary implications, including major effects on species distributions, on the relative tendencies of species to be invasive or to respond well to environmental change, and on speciation rates. Although most studies of behavioral syndromes to date have focused on a few organisms, mainly in the laboratory, further work on other species, particularly in the field, should yield numerous new insights.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2185
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Author Wittig, R.M.; Boesch, C.
Title “Decision-making” in conflicts of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): an extension of the Relational Model Type Journal Article
Year 2003 Publication Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Abbreviated Journal Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages 491-504
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Abstract >We examined the &#8220;decision-making&#8221; process of aggressive interactions within a community of wild chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes verus) in the Ta&#239; National Park, C&#244;te d&#8217;Ivoire (West Africa). Costs and benefits were investigated for 876 dyadic aggressive interactions among 18 adults (including 4 independent adolescents) of either sex. An extended version of the Relational Model was developed to describe the dynamics of the &#8220;decision-making&#8221; process in Ta&#239; chimpanzees, which suggests that the net benefit determines the occurrence of conflicts. Both sexes fought more frequently for the resources that were most important to them, food for females and social contexts for males. Individuals used two different strategies according to their likelihood of winning the aggressive interaction, determined by the dominance relationship of the conflict partners. Dominant initiators had longer and more intense aggressive interactions, but they limited their social disadvantages by fighting non-cooperative partners. Subordinate initiators had shorter and less intense aggressive interactions, but risked more social costs, which they could reduce afterwards by reconciliation. Both strategies included a positive overall net benefit. The extended Relational Model fits the complexity of wild chimpanzee conflicts and allows for more flexibility in the &#8220;decision-making&#8221; compared to the original version.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2206
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Author Anderson, G.D.; Talbot, L.M.
Title Soil factors affecting distribution of the grassland types and their utilization by wild animals on the Serengeti Plains Type Journal Article
Year 1965 Publication Journal of Ecology Abbreviated Journal J Ecol
Volume 53 Issue Pages 1
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2216
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Author Anderson, G.D.; Herlocker,D.J.
Title Soil factors affecting the distribution of the vegetation types and their utilization by wild animals in Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania. Type Journal Article
Year 1973 Publication Journal of Ecology Abbreviated Journal J Ecol
Volume 61 Issue Pages 627-651
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2217
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Author Baba, M., T.; Doi, H.; Ikeda, T.; Iwamoto; Ono Y.
Title A census of large mammals in Omo National Park, Ethiopia Type Journal Article
Year 1982 Publication African Journal of Ecology Abbreviated Journal Afr. J. Ecol.
Volume 20 Issue 3 Pages 207-210
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2218
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Author Ben-Shahar, R
Title Selectivity in large generalist herbivores: feeding patterns of African ungulates in a semi-arid habitat Type Journal Article
Year 1991 Publication African Journal of Ecology Abbreviated Journal Afr. J. Ecol.
Volume 29 Issue 4 Pages 302-315
Keywords diet; forage production; grazing; wildebeest; zebra
Abstract Feeding habits of free-ranging wildebeest and zebra were monitored in a semi-arid nature reserve, bordering the southwestern part of Kruger National Park, South Africa. The purpose of study was to distinguish and define the feeding niches of two roughage grazers that occur in similar habitat types. The monthly compositions of diets were evaluated by direct observations of feeding bouts over a period of two years when rainfall patterns were average and animal populations were stable. Other analyses evaluated the standing biomass of grass species in the reserve during the wet summer and dry winter seasons.

A considerable overlap of grass species composition was found in the diets of wildebeest and zebra. Ordination of bi-monthly records of the diet composition showed greater variations in scores of grasses in zebra diet in comparison to wildebeest. Seasonal patterns were more apparent in the wildebeest diet. Preference ranking of grass species indicated that zebra diet remained constant in winter and summer. Wildebeest diet however, alternated with seasons, showing high preferences during the winter months for grass species which were rejected during summer.

The combined assessment of results from three separate statistical methods analysing temporal patterns and preferences in diet composition revealed contradictory trends. The solution, however, relied on the initial assumptions posed. Hence, wildebeest and zebra are essentially generalist feeders which show a limited amount of preference in their choice of diet.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2226
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Author Ben-Shahar, R.
Title Habitat classification in relation to movements and densities of ungulates in a semi-arid savanna Type Journal Article
Year 1995 Publication African Journal of Ecology Abbreviated Journal Afr. J. Ecol.
Volume 33 Issue Pages 50-63
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Abstract Habitat types were classified in a semi-arid nature reserve in South Africa in order to assess the spatial requirements of resident ungulates, namely zebra, wildebeest and impala. Multivariate analyses showed patterns of soil factors and plant species associations that corresponded with variations of local geological formations and the abundance of plants. The response of ungulates to habitats of different degrees of complexity in terms of soils and plant species associations was examined on the basis of annual occurrence. New habitat types were described through merging or subdividing the existing classification. New habitat categories which corresponded with high occurrences of ungulates provided better indications of the resource requirements for large herbivores. Wildebeest were restricted in their habitat requirements and were characterized by high seasonal densities in bottom lands, particularly during the late wet period. There was a considerable overlap in the preference of habitat types between wildebeest and zebra although zebra were aggregated during longer periods within the dolerite formation. Impala had a consistent annual preference for the granite formation where seepage lines and bottom lands were inhabited seasonally by large herd concentrations.

Résumé

On a classifié les types d'habitat dans une réserve naturelle semiaride d'Afrique du Sud, dans le but d'évaluer les exigences spatiales des ongulés qui y vivent, c'est à dire les zèbres, les gnous et les impalas. Des analyses multivariées ont révélé des schémas pour les facteurs du sol et pour les associations d'espèces végétales qui correspondent aux variations des formations géologiques locales et à l'abon-dance des plantes. On a examiné la réponse des ongulés à des habitats de complexité différente en termes de sols et d'associations d'espéces végétales, d'après leur présence annuelle. On a décrit de nouveaux types d'habitats en fusionnant ou en subdivisant la classification existante. Les nouvelles catégories d'habitats qui correspondaient à des présences abondantes d'ongulés ont fourni de meilleures indications sur les ressources exigées par les grands herbivores. Les gnous se limitaient aux endroits qui répondaient a leurs exigences et se caractérisaient par de hautes densités saisonnières dans les régions basses, spécialement pendant la dernière saison des pluies. Il y avait un recouvrement considérable des types d'habitats préferés par les gnous et les zébres, encore que les zébres se rassemblent plus longtemps dans la formation doléritique. Les impalas marquent une préférence annuelle constante pour la formation granitique où les sources et les terres basses sont occupées de façon saisonnière par des hardes très concentrées.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2227
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