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	Author	Matsuzawa, T.
	Title	Use of numbers by a chimpanzee			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1985	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	315	Issue	6014	Pages	57-59
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Cognition; Female; Mathematics; Pan troglodytes/*physiology
	Abstract	Recent studies have examined linguistic abilities in apes. However, although human mathematical abilities seem to be derived from the same foundation as those in language, we have little evidence for mathematical abilities in apes (but for exceptions see refs 7-10). In the present study, a 5-yr-old female chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), 'Ai', was trained to use Arabic numerals to name the number of items in a display. Ai mastered numerical naming from one to six and was able to name the number, colour and object of 300 types of samples. Although no particular sequence of describing samples was required, the chimpanzee favoured two sequences (colour/object/number and object/colour/number). The present study demonstrates that the chimpanzee was able to describe the three attributes of the sample items and spontaneously organized the 'word order'.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0028-0836	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3990808			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2793
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	Author	Crowell-Davis, S.L.; Houpt, K.A.; Carnevale, J.
	Title	Feeding and drinking behavior of mares and foals with free access to pasture and water			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1985	Publication	Journal of animal science	Abbreviated Journal	J. Anim Sci.
	Volume	60	Issue	4	Pages	883-889
	Keywords	Animals; Drinking Behavior; Feeding Behavior; Female; Horses/*physiology; Male; Poaceae; Seasons; Temperature; Time Factors
	Abstract	The feeding and drinking behavior of 11 mares and 15 foals living on pasture with free access to water was recorded during 2,340 15-min focal samples taken over 2 yr. Lactating mares on pasture spent about 70% of the day feeding. Foals began feeding on their first day of life. As they grew older, they spent progressively more time feeding, but still spent only 47 +/- 6% of the time feeding by 21 wk of age. Foals fed primarily during the early morning and evening. While grass formed the major proportion of the diet of both foals and mares, they also ate clay, humus, feces, bark, leaves and twigs. Almost all feeding by foals was done while their mothers were feeding. Movement to water sources was frequently, but not invariably, carried out by an entire herd. Frequency (P = .005) but not duration (P greater than .05) of drinking bouts by mares increased as the temperature increased. Frequency was greatest at 30 to 35 C, at which temperature mares drank once every 1.8 h. Frequency of drinking varied with the time of day (P less than .01), being rarest during the early morning (0500 to 0900 h eastern daylight time) and most frequent during the afternoon (1300 to 1700 h). Drinking by foals was very rare. The youngest age at which a foal was observed to drink was 3 wk, and 8 of 15 foals were never observed to drink before weaning.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8812	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3988655			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	54
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	Author	Hawkes, J.; Hedges, M.; Daniluk, P.; Hintz, H.F.; Schryver, H.F.
	Title	Feed preferences of ponies			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1985	Publication	Equine Veterinary Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	17	Issue	1	Pages	20-22
	Keywords	Animal Feed; Animals; Feeding Behavior/physiology; Female; Food Preferences; Horses/*physiology; Male
	Abstract	Preference trials were conducted with mature ponies. In Trial 1, oats were compared with oats plus sucrose. Four of six pony geldings selected oats plus sucrose, but one pony demonstrated a dislike for sucrose and one selected from the bucket on the right side regardless of content. Oats, maize, barley, rye and wheat were compared in Trial 2 using six mature pony mares. Oats were the preferred grain, with maize and barley ranking second and third respectively. Wheat and rye were the least preferred. Even though the ponies demonstrated preference, the total intake at a given meal was not greatly depressed when only the less palatable grains were fed. In Trial 3, pony mares selected a diet containing 20 per cent dried distillers' grain and 80 per cent of a basal mixed diet of maize, oats, wheat bran, soybean meal, limestone and molasses over 100 per cent basal mixed diet, but selected the basal diet over diets containing 20 per cent blood meal, beet pulp or meat and bone meal and 80 per cent basal diet. They did not differentiate against diets containing 20 per cent alfalfa meal or 10 or 5 per cent meat and bone meal when the diets were compared to the basal mixed diet.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3979369			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2298
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	Author	Sufit, E.; Houpt, K.A.; Sweeting, M.
	Title	Physiological stimuli of thirst and drinking patterns in ponies			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1985	Publication	Equine veterinary journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	17	Issue	1	Pages	12-16
	Keywords	Animals; Blood Proteins/analysis; Drinking Behavior/drug effects/physiology; Furosemide/pharmacology; Horses/physiology; Male; Osmolar Concentration; Osmotic Pressure; Sodium Chloride/pharmacology; Thirst/drug effects/*physiology; Time Factors; Water Deprivation/physiology
	Abstract	The stimuli that elicit thirst were studied in four ponies. Nineteen hours of water deprivation produced an increase in plasma protein from 67 +/- 0.1 g/litre to 72 +/- 2 g/litre, a mean (+/- se) increase in plasma sodium from 139 +/- 3 to 145 +/- 2 mmol/litre and an increase in plasma osmolality from 297 +/- 1 to 306 +/- 2 mosmol/litre. Undeprived ponies drank 1.5 +/- 0.9 kg/30 mins; 19 h deprived ponies drank 10.2 +/- 2.5 kg/30 mins and corrected the deficits in plasma protein, plasma sodium and plasma osmolality as well as compensating for the water they would have drunk during the deprivation period. In order to determine if an increase in plasma osmolality would stimulate thirst, 250 ml of 15 per cent sodium chloride was infused intravenously. The ponies drank when osmolality increased 3 per cent and when plasma sodium rose from 136 +/- 3 mmol/litre to 143 +/- 3 mmol/litre. Ponies infused with 15 per cent sodium chloride drank 2.9 +/- 0.7 kg; those infused with 0.9 per cent sodium chloride drank 0.7 +/- 0.5 kg. In order to determine if a decrease in plasma volume would stimulate thirst, ponies were injected with 1 or 2 mg/kg bodyweight (bwt) frusemide. Plasma protein rose from 68 +/- 2 g/litre pre-injection to 75 +/- 2 g/litre 1 h after 1 mg/kg bwt frusemide and to 81 +/- 1 g/litre 1 h after 2 mg/kg bwt frusemide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3979367			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	56
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	Author	[No authors listed]
	Title	International Conference on Environmental Cadmium: an overview			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1979	Publication	Environmental Health Perspectives	Abbreviated Journal	Environ Health Perspect
	Volume	28	Issue		Pages	297-30
	Keywords	Animals; Cadmium/toxicity; Cadmium Poisoning/metabolism; Congresses; Ecology; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Pollutants/toxicity; Female; Forecasting; Haplorhini; Horses; Humans; Rats; Waste Disposal, Fluid
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0091-6765	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:39745			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2694
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	Author	Heffner, R.S.; Heffner, H.E.
	Title	Localization of tones by horses: use of binaural cues and the role of the superior olivary complex			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	Behavioral Neuroscience	Abbreviated Journal	Behav Neurosci
	Volume	100	Issue	1	Pages	93-103
	Keywords	Animals; Auditory Pathways/physiology; Auditory Perception/physiology; Avoidance Learning/physiology; Brain Mapping; Electroshock; Female; Horses/physiology; Male; Olivary Nucleus/anatomy & histology/physiology; Orientation/physiology; Pitch Perception/physiology; Sound Localization/physiology
	Abstract	The ability of horses to use binaural time and intensity difference cues to localize sound was assessed in free-field localization tests by using pure tones. The animals were required to discriminate the locus of a single tone pip ranging in frequency from 250 Hz to 25 kHz emitted by loudspeakers located 30 degrees to the left and right of the animals' midline (60 degrees total separation). Three animals were tested with a two-choice procedure; 2 additional animals were tested with a conditioned avoidance procedure. All 5 animals were able to localize 250 Hz, 500 Hz, and 1 kHz but were completely unable to localize 2 kHz and above. Because the frequency of ambiguity for the binaural phase cue delta phi for horses in this test was calculated to be 1.5 kHz, these results indicate that horses can use binaural time differences in the form of delta phi but are unable to use binaural intensity differences. This finding was supported by an unconditioned orientation test involving 4 additional horses, which showed that horses correctly orient to a 500-Hz tone pip but not to an 8-kHz tone pip. Analysis of the superior olivary complex, the brain stem nucleus at which binaural interactions first take place, reveals that the lateral superior olive (LSO) is relatively small in the horse and lacks the laminar arrangement of bipolar cells characteristic of the LSO of most mammals that can use binaural delta I.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7044	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3954885			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5634
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	Author	Terrace, H.S.
	Title	Chunking by a pigeon in a serial learning task			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1987	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	325	Issue	7000	Pages	149-151
	Keywords	Animals; Cognition/physiology; Columbidae/physiology; Feedback; Learning/*physiology; Male
	Abstract	A basic principle of human memory is that lists that can be organized into memorable 'chunks' are easier to remember. Memory span is limited to a roughly constant number of chunks and is to a large extent independent of the amount of informaton contained in each chunk. Depending on the ingenuity of the code used to integrate discrete items into chunks, one can substantially increase the number of items that can be recalled correctly. Newly developed paradigms for studying memory in non-verbal organisms allow comparison of the abilities of human and non-human subjects to memorize lists. Here I present two types of evidence that pigeons 'chunk' 5-element lists whose components (colours and achromatic geometric forms) are clustered into distinct groups. Those lists were learned twice as rapidly as a homogeneous list of colours or heterogeneous lists in which the elements are not clustered. The pigeons were also tested for knowledge of the order of two elements drawn from the 5-element lists. They responded in the correct order only to those subsets that contained a chunk boundary. Thus chunking can be studied profitably in animal subjects; the cognitive processes that allow an organism to form chunks do no presuppose linguistic competence.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0028-0836	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3808071			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2792
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	Author	Zentall, S.S.; Zentall, T.R.
	Title	Hyperactivity ratings: statistical regression provides an insufficient explanation of practice effects			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	Journal of pediatric psychology	Abbreviated Journal	J Pediatr Psychol
	Volume	11	Issue	3	Pages	393-396
	Keywords	Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/diagnosis; Child; Humans; Male; Practice (Psychology); *Statistics
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0146-8693	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3772683			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	261
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	Author	Cynx, J.; Hulse, S.H.; Polyzois, S.
	Title	A psychophysical measure of pitch discrimination loss resulting from a frequency range constraint in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	12	Issue	4	Pages	394-402
	Keywords	Animals; Birds; Cognition; Female; Generalization, Stimulus; Male; *Pitch Discrimination; Psychoacoustics; Transfer (Psychology)
	Abstract	Earlier research (Hulse & Cynx, 1985) revealed that a number of species of songbirds acquired a pitch discrimination between rising and falling sequences in an arbitrarily defined training range of frequencies, but then failed to generalize the discrimination to new frequency ranges--a frequency range constraint. The two experiments here provide a psychophysical estimate of how pitch discrimination deteriorated in one species as sequences were stepped out from the training range. The gradient showing loss of discrimination was much sharper than would have been anticipated by stimulus generalization or the training procedures, and appeared unaffected by the removal of rising and falling frequency information. The frequency range constraint and its psychophysical properties have implications both for the analysis of birdsong and the study of animal cognition.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3772303			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2786
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	Author	Polley, L.
	Title	Strongylid parasites of horses: experimental ecology of the free-living stages on the Canadian prairie			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	American Journal of Veterinary Research	Abbreviated Journal	Am J Vet Res
	Volume	47	Issue	8	Pages	1686-1693
	Keywords	Animals; Canada; Ecology; Feces; Female; Horse Diseases/epidemiology/parasitology; Horses; Larva; Ovum/cytology; Seasons; Strongyloides/isolation & purification; Strongyloidiasis/epidemiology/veterinary
	Abstract	Each month for a 1-year period (October through September), equine fecal masses containing eggs of strongylid nematodes were placed outdoors on small grass plots in Saskatchewan, Canada. Thereafter, feces and grass from the plots were sampled after intervals of 1 week or longer, and the strongylid eggs and larvae recovered were counted. These observations were made over a 2-year period. Development of eggs to infective larvae occurred in all experiments, except those established in October, December, and January. Infective larvae from experiments set up in April through September survived that winter. During the summer, there was a gradual build up of infective larvae in the fecal masses, which reached a peak in August and September and then decreased into the winter. These results are discussed in the context of the control of strongylid parasites of horses on the Canadian prairie and in other areas of the world with a similar climate and similar horse management practices.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0002-9645	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3752676			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2682
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