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Author |
Gomez Alvarez, C.B.; Rhodin, M.; Bobber, M.F.; Meyer, H.; Weishaupt, M.A.; Johnston, C.; Van Weeren, P.R. |
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Title |
The effect of head and neck position on the thoracolumbar kinematics in the unridden horse |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J Suppl |
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Volume |
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Issue |
36 |
Pages |
445-451 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Biomechanics; Head/*physiology; Horses/*physiology; Lumbar Vertebrae/physiology; Male; Neck/*physiology; Physical Conditioning, Animal/physiology; Posture/*physiology; Sports; Thoracic Vertebrae/physiology; Weight-Bearing |
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Abstract |
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: In many equestrian activities a specific position of head and/or neck is required that is dissimilar to the natural position. There is controversy about the effects of these positions on locomotion pattern, but few quantitative data are available. OBJECTIVES: To quantify the effects of 5 different head and neck positions on thoracolumbar kinematics of the horse. METHODS: Kinematics of 7 high level dressage horses were measured walking and trotting on an instrumented treadmill with the head and neck in the following positions: HNP2 = neck raised, bridge of the nose in front of the vertical; HNP3 = as HNP2 with bridge of the nose behind the vertical; HNP4 = head and neck lowered, nose behind the vertical; HNP5 = head and neck in extreme high position; HNP6 = head and neck forward and downward. HNP1 was a speed-matched control (head and neck unrestrained). RESULTS: The head and neck positions affected only the flexion-extension motion. The positions in which the neck was extended (HNP2, 3, 5) increased extension in the anterior thoracic region, but increased flexion in the posterior thoracic and lumbar region. For HNP4 the pattern was the opposite. Positions 2, 3 and 5 reduced the flexion-extension range of motion (ROM) while HNP4 increased it. HNP5 was the only position that negatively affected intravertebral pattern symmetry and reduced hindlimb protraction. The stride length was significantly reduced at walk in positions 2, 3, 4 and 5. CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant influence of head/neck position on back kinematics. Elevated head and neck induce extension in the thoracic region and flexion in the lumbar region; besides reducing the sagittal range of motion. Lowered head and neck produces the opposite. A very high position of the head and neck seems to disturb normal kinematics. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: This study provides quantitative data on the effect of head/neck positions on thoracolumbar motion and may help in discussions on the ethical acceptability of some training methods. |
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Department of Equine Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 12, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands |
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PMID:17402464 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3702 |
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Author |
Hillidge, C.J.; Lees, P. |
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Title |
Cardiac output in the conscious and anaesthetised horse |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1975 |
Publication |
Equine veterinary journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
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Volume |
7 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
16-21 |
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Keywords |
Anesthesia, Inhalation/*veterinary; Animals; Carbon Dioxide/blood; *Cardiac Output/veterinary; *Consciousness; Electrocardiography/veterinary; Ether, Ethyl; Female; Halothane; Heart Rate; Heart Ventricles/physiology; Horses/*physiology; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Oxygen/blood; Posture |
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Abstract |
Cardiac output in the horse was measured before and at predetermined times during 2-hour periods of thiopentone-halothane and thiopentone-diethyl ether anaesthesia. Left ventricular stroke volume was decreased to a similar extent during anaesthesia with each volatile agent, but a greater reduction in cardiac output occurred during halothane anaesthesia. This finding reflected the differing effects of halothane and ether on heart rate, a slight bradycardia occurring with the former agent while ether produced a small degree of tachycardia. The latter effect was attributed to enhanced sympathoadrenal activity. Changes in cardiac output and stroke volume were considered in relation to other factors, including arterial blood pH and tensions of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Positive correlations between some of these variables and cardiac function were established. With both volatile agents the reductions in stroke volume and cardiac output were related to the duration of anaesthesia, being greatest during the early stages. Possible reasons for the tendency of stroke volume and cardiac output to return towards control levels are discussed. |
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0425-1644 |
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PMID:234842 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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102 |
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Author |
Bell, F.R. |
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Title |
Sleep in the larger domesticated animals |
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Journal Article |
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1972 |
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Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine |
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Proc R Soc Med |
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65 |
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2 |
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176-177 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Cattle/*physiology; Dreams; Electroencephalography; Goats/*physiology; Horses/*physiology; Posture; Sheep/*physiology; *Sleep; Sleep, REM |
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0035-9157 |
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PMID:4343589 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2826 |
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Author |
Colahan, P.; Lindsey, E.; Nunier, C. |
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Determination of the center of pressure of the hoofs of the forelimbs of horses standing on a flat level surface |
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Journal Article |
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1993 |
Publication |
Acta Anatomica |
Abbreviated Journal |
Acta Anat (Basel) |
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Volume |
146 |
Issue |
2-3 |
Pages |
175-178 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Forelimb/*physiology; Hoof and Claw/*physiology; Horses/*physiology; *Posture; Pressure |
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The pressure exerted on a flat level surface by recently trimmed, unshod hoofs of the front limbs of 23 sound, adult horses was measured using pressure-sensitive film and a specially built cassette. The horses were tranquilized and stood with one foot on the 2.9-cm-thick cassette and the other on a block of equal height. The hoofs were observed for motion during the measurement, and the developed film was examined for improper alignment of the film or slipping of the hoof. The center of pressure was located using the method of weighted proportions of Barrey. This static measurement system with a long measurement time and the number of measurements reduced the influence of variables inherent in the horses' behavior and the measuring system. The calculated point was recorded as falling medial to, lateral to or on a line bisecting the central sulcus of the frog. In the dorsal to palmar orientation the point was classified with reference to a line drawn halfway between the most dorsal and the most palmar mark on the film. Forty-six percent of the calculated centers of pressure were located in the medial heel area. Binomial analysis for large samples indicates that this was a significant variation from a random distribution. Seventy-six percent of the centers were located in or on the borders of the medial heel. |
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College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608-0136 |
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0001-5180 |
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PMID:8470462 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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1946 |
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Ratzlaff, M.H.; Wilson, P.D.; Hyde, M.L.; Balch, O.K.; Grant, B.D. |
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Title |
Relationship between locomotor forces, hoof position and joint motion during the support phase of the stride of galloping horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Acta Anatomica |
Abbreviated Journal |
Acta Anat (Basel) |
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146 |
Issue |
2-3 |
Pages |
200-204 |
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Animals; Equipment Design; Hoof and Claw/*physiology; Horses/*physiology; Joints/*physiology; *Locomotion; Motor Activity/*physiology; Physiology/instrumentation; *Posture; Shoes; Transducers |
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Three methods were used simultaneously to determine the relationships between the vertical forces exerted on the hooves and the positions of the limbs and hooves at the times of peak vertical forces from 2 horses galloping on a track straightaway. Vertical forces were recorded from an instrumented shoe, fetlock joint motion was measured with an electrogoniometer and the angles of the carpus, fetlock and hoof were determined from slow-motion films. At hoof contact, the mean angles of the carpus and fetlock were 181-182 degrees and 199-206 degrees, respectively. Peak vertical forces on the heel occurred at or near maximum extension of the carpal and fetlock joints. Peak forces on the toe occurred during flexion of the fetlock joint and at mean hoof angles of 28-31 degrees from the horizontal. The mean angles of the hoof from the horizontal at the time of heel contact were 6-7 degrees. Hoof lift occurred at mean carpal angles of 173-174 degrees and mean fetlock angles of 199-200 degrees. |
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Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6520 |
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0001-5180 |
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PMID:8470468 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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1945 |
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Author |
Waran, N.K.; Robertson, V.; Cuddeford, D.; Kokoszko, A.; Marlin, D.J. |
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Effects of transporting horses facing either forwards or backwards on their behaviour and heart rate |
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Journal Article |
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1996 |
Publication |
The Veterinary Record |
Abbreviated Journal |
Vet. Rec. |
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139 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
7-11 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Female; *Heart Rate; *Horses; Male; Posture/*physiology; *Transportation |
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The effects of transporting horses facing either forwards or backwards were compared by transporting six thoroughbred horses in pairs in a lorry on one journey facing in the direction of travel, and on another journey facing away from the direction of travel, over a standard one-hour route. Heart rate monitors were used to record their heart rate before, during and after the journey and the horses' behaviour was recorded by scan sampling each horse every other minute. The average heart rate was significantly lower (P < 0.05) when the horses were transported facing backwards, and they also tended to rest on their rumps more (P = 0.059). In the forward-facing position, the horses moved more frequently (P < 0.05) and tended to hold their necks in a higher than normal position and to vocalise more frequently (P = 0.059). During loading the average peak heart rate was 38 bpm lower (P < 0.05) when the horses were backed into the horse box for rear-facing transport than when they were loaded facing forwards. However, there was no difference between transport facing forwards or backwards in terms of the peak unloading heart rate, or the average heart rate during loading or unloading. The horses seemed to find being transported less physically stressful when they were facing backwards than when they were facing forwards. |
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Institute of Ecology and Resource Management, University of Edinburgh, School of Agriculture |
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0042-4900 |
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PMID:8966985 |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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1938 |
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