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	Author	Goncalves, T.C.; Rocha, D.S.; Cunha, R.A.
	Title	Feeding patterns of Triatoma vitticeps in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Revista de Saude Publica	Abbreviated Journal	Rev Saude Publica
	Volume	34	Issue	4	Pages	348-352
	Keywords	Animals; Brazil; Cattle; Chagas Disease/transmission; Dogs; Ecology; Feeding Behavior/physiology; Female; Food Habits/physiology; Humans; Insect Vectors/physiology; Male; Triatoma/physiology; *Trypanosoma cruzi/isolation & purification
	Abstract	OBJECTIVE: Feeding patterns of triatomines have contributed to elucidate its biology. Triatoma vitticeps, naturally infected with T. cruzi, has been found in domiciles. Its behavior and epidemiological patterns were investigated. METHODS: One-hundred and twenty two specimens of T. vitticeps were captured from February 1989 to April 1993 in two areas of Triunfo municipality, a subdistrict of Santa Maria Madalena municipal district, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The insects were dissected and their intestinal contents were removed and tested. It was used antisera from: man, cow, horse, dog, pig, armadillo, opossum, rodent, and bird. RESULTS: From the total analyzed, 79 were positive and 43 were negative to the nine antisera tested: armadillo (30.3%) > human and pig (13.1%) > bird and dog (11.5%) > horse (5.7%) > opossum (4.9%) > rodent (4. 1%) > cow (3.3%). Blood meals ranged from 0 to 4 and 6 in the following distribution: 0 = 25.41%; 1 = 45.08%; 2 = 10.66%; 3 = 6. 56%; 4 = 1.64%, and 6 = 0.82%. Nine of the 122 insects captured were not examined, 74 (65.54%) were positive for T. cruzi infection and 39 (34.51%) were negative. CONCLUSIONS: These results identified the T. vitticeps as being a sylvatic species and trypanosomiasis as being an enzootic disease. Epidemiological vigilance will be important to provide more information regarding the behavior of the species
	Address	Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto swaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. tcmonte@gene.dbbm.fiocruz.br
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0034-8910	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10973153			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2650
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Endy, T.P.; Nisalak, A.
	Title	Japanese encephalitis virus: ecology and epidemiology			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology	Abbreviated Journal	Curr Top Microbiol Immunol
	Volume	267	Issue		Pages	11-48
	Keywords	Animals; Birds/virology; Climate; Culicidae/virology; Disease Outbreaks/history; Ecosystem; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/pathogenicity; Encephalitis, Japanese/epidemiology/*etiology/history/transmission; History, 20th Century; Horses/virology; Humans; Insect Vectors; Japan/epidemiology; Risk Factors; Swine/virology; Thailand/epidemiology; Viral Vaccines/pharmacology
	Abstract
	Address	Department of Virology, United States Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMC-AFRIMS), 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0070-217X	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12082986			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2643
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	Author	Hall, R.A.; Broom, A.K.; Smith, D.W.; Mackenzie, J.S.
	Title	The ecology and epidemiology of Kunjin virus			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology	Abbreviated Journal	Curr Top Microbiol Immunol
	Volume	267	Issue		Pages	253-269
	Keywords	Animals; Culicidae/virology; Ecosystem; Horse Diseases/etiology; Horses; Humans; Insect Vectors; Population Surveillance; West Nile Fever/epidemiology/etiology/veterinary; West Nile virus/classification/genetics/immunology/*isolation & purification
	Abstract
	Address	Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0070-217X	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12082993			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2642
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	Author	Valero, N.
	Title	West Nile virus: a new challenge?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Investigacion Clinica	Abbreviated Journal	Invest Clin
	Volume	44	Issue	3	Pages	175-177
	Keywords	Animal Migration; Animals; Bird Diseases/virology; Birds; Caribbean Region; Central America; Culex/virology; Horse Diseases/virology; Horses; Humans; Insect Vectors/virology; North America/epidemiology; South America; West Nile Fever/epidemiology/transmission/veterinary; West Nile virus/physiology
	Abstract	West Nile Virus (WNV), a member of the family Flaviviridae, was first isolated in 1937. Since the original isolation of the WNV outbreaks have occurred with increase in frequency of cases in humans and horses, apparent increase in severe human disease and high avian death rates. In 1999, 2000 and 2002 outbreaks of the WNV encephalitis were reported in horses, birds and humans from New York and Canada. Ornithophilic mosquitoes are the principal vectors of the WNV and birds of several species chiefly migrants appear to be the major introductory or amplifying host. The pattern of outbreaks in the old and new world suggests that viremic migratory birds may also contribute to movement of the virus. If so, Central America, Caribbean Islands and countries of South America including Venezuela, are in potential risk for suffering a severe outbreak for WNV, since several species of birds have populations that pass trough New York and cross the western north Atlantic or Caribbean Sea. It is important the knowledge of the ecology of WNV as well of the efficacy of control efforts in order to minimize the public health impact in these countries, where all population is susceptible to this infection.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Spanish	Summary Language		Original Title	Virus del Nilo Occidental: Un nuevo reto?
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0535-5133	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:14552056			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2640
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	Author	Komar, N.
	Title	West Nile virus: epidemiology and ecology in North America			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Advances in Virus Research	Abbreviated Journal	Adv Virus Res
	Volume	61	Issue		Pages	185-234
	Keywords	Animals; Bird Diseases/virology; Birds/virology; Culex/virology; Disease Reservoirs; Ecosystem; Epidemiology, Molecular; Horse Diseases/virology; Horses/virology; Humans; Insect Vectors; North America/epidemiology; Risk Factors; West Nile Fever/*epidemiology/transmission/veterinary; West Nile virus/genetics
	Abstract
	Address	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, Colorado 80522, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0065-3527	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:14714433			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2638
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	Author	Dauphin, G.; Zientara, S.; Zeller, H.; Murgue, B.
	Title	West Nile: worldwide current situation in animals and humans			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases	Abbreviated Journal	Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis
	Volume	27	Issue	5	Pages	343-355
	Keywords	Americas/epidemiology; Animals; Birds/virology; Culex/virology; Disease Outbreaks; Disease Reservoirs; Europe/epidemiology; Horses/virology; Humans; Insect Vectors/virology; Middle East/epidemiology; West Nile Fever/epidemiology/veterinary/virology; West Nile virus/growth & development
	Abstract	West Nile (WN) virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that is native to Africa, Europe, and Western Asia. It mainly circulates among birds, but can infect many species of mammals, as well as amphibians and reptiles. Epidemics can occur in rural as well as urban areas. Transmission of WN virus, sometimes involving significant mortality in humans and horses, has been documented at erratic intervals in many countries, but never in the New World until it appeared in New York City in 1999. During the next four summers it spread with incredible speed to large portions of 46 US states, and to Canada, Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean. In many respects, WN virus is an outstanding example of a zoonotic pathogen that has leaped geographical barriers and can cause severe disease in human and equine. In Europe, in the past two decades there have been a number of significant outbreaks in several countries. However, very little is known of the ecology and natural history of WN virus transmission in Europe and most WN outbreaks in humans and animals remain unpredictable and difficult to control.
	Address	AFSSA Alfort, UMR1161 (INRA-AFSSA-ENVA), 22 rue Pierre Curie, BP 63, 94703 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0147-9571	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15225984			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2635
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	Author	Mellor, P.S.; Hamblin, C.
	Title	African horse sickness			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Veterinary Research	Abbreviated Journal	Vet Res
	Volume	35	Issue	4	Pages	445-466
	Keywords	African Horse Sickness/epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission/virology; African horse sickness virus/pathogenicity; Animals; Culicidae; Europe/epidemiology; Horses; Insect Vectors
	Abstract	African horse sickness virus (AHSV) causes a non-contagious, infectious insect-borne disease of equids and is endemic in many areas of sub-Saharan Africa and possibly Yemen in the Arabian Peninsula. However, periodically the virus makes excursions beyond its endemic areas and has at times extended as far as India and Pakistan in the east and Spain and Portugal in the west. The vectors are certain species of Culicoides biting midge the most important of which is the Afro-Asiatic species C. imicola. This paper describes the effects that AHSV has on its equid hosts, aspects of its epidemiology, and present and future prospects for control. The distribution of AHSV seems to be governed by a number of factors including the efficiency of control measures, the presence or absence of a long term vertebrate reservoir and, most importantly, the prevalence and seasonal incidence of the major vector which is controlled by climate. However, with the advent of climate-change the major vector, C. imicola, has now significantly extended its range northwards to include much of Portugal, Spain, Italy and Greece and has even been recorded from southern Switzerland. Furthermore, in many of these new locations the insect is present and active throughout the entire year. With the related bluetongue virus, which utilises the same vector species of Culicoides this has, since 1998, precipitated the worst outbreaks of bluetongue disease ever recorded with the virus extending further north in Europe than ever before and apparently becoming endemic in that continent. The prospects for similar changes in the epidemiology and distribution of AHSV are discussed.
	Address	Institute for Animal Health, Department of Arbovirology, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Rd., Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom. philip.mellor@bbsrc.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0928-4249	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15236676			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2358
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	Author	Giangaspero, A.; Traversa, D.; Otranto, D.
	Title	[Ecology of Thelazia spp. in cattle and their vectors in Italy]			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Parassitologia	Abbreviated Journal	Parassitologia
	Volume	46	Issue	1-2	Pages	257-259
	Keywords	Animals; Cattle/parasitology; Cattle Diseases/epidemiology/parasitology/transmission; Disease Transmission, Horizontal; Dog Diseases/epidemiology/parasitology/transmission; Dogs/parasitology; Ecosystem; Eye Infections, Parasitic/epidemiology/transmission/veterinary; Horse Diseases/epidemiology/parasitology/transmission; Horses/parasitology; Humans; Insect Vectors/parasitology; Italy/epidemiology; Muscidae/parasitology; Species Specificity; Spirurida Infections/epidemiology/transmission/veterinary; Thelazioidea/classification/isolation & purification
	Abstract	The genus Thelazia (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) includes a cosmopolitan group of eyeworm spirurids responsible for ocular infections in domestic and wild animals and transmitted by different species of muscids. Bovine thelaziosis is caused by Thelazia rhodesi Desmarest 1828, Thelazia gulosa Railliet & Henry 1910, and Thelazia skrjabini Erschow 1928, which occur in many countries; T. gulosa and T. skrjabini have been reported mainly in the New World, while T. rhodesi is particularly common in the Old World. In Italy, T. rhodesi was reported in southern regions a long time ago and, recently, T. gulosa and T. skrjabini have been identified in autochthonous cattle first in Apulia and then in Sardinia. Thirteen species of Musca are listed as intermediate hosts of eyeworms, but only Musca autumnalis and Musca larvipara have been demonstrated to act as vectors of Thelazia in the ex-URSS, North America, ex-Czechoslovakia and more recently in Sweden. In Italy, after the reports of T. gulosa and T. skrjabini in southern regions, the intermediate hosts of bovine eyeworms were initially only suspected as the predominant secretophagous Muscidae collected from the periocular region of cattle with thelaziosis were the face flies, M. autumnalis and M. larvipara, followed by Musca osiris, Musca tempestiva and Musca domestica. The well-known constraints in the identification of immature eyeworms to species by fly dissection and also the time-consuming techniques used constitute important obstacles to epidemiological field studies (i.e. vector identification and/or role, prevalence and pattern of infection in flies, etc.). Molecular studies have recently permitted to further investigations into this area. A PCR-RFLP analysis of the ribosomal ITS-1 sequence was developed to differentiate the 3 species of Thelazia (i.e. T. gulosa, T. rhodesi and T. skrjabini) found in Italy, then a molecular epidemiological survey has recently been carried out in field conditions throughout five seasons of fly activity and has identified the role of M. autumnalis, M. larvipara, M. osiris and M. domestica as vectors of T. gulosa and of M. autumnalis and M. larvipara of T. rhodesi. Moreover, M. osiris was described, for the first time, to act as a vector of T. gulosa and M. larvipara of T. gulosa and T. rhodesi. The mean prevalence in the fly population examined was found to be 2.86%. The molecular techniques have opened new perspectives for further research on the ecology and epidemiology not only of Thelazia in cattle but also of other autochthonous species of Thelazia which have been also recorded in Italy, such as Thelazia callipaeda, which is responsible for human and canid ocular infection and Thelazia lacrymalis, the horse eyeworm whose epidemiological molecular studies are in progress.
	Address	Dipartimento PR.I.M.E., Universita degli Studi di Foggia
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Italian	Summary Language		Original Title	Ecologia di Thelazia spp. e dei vettori in Italia
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0048-2951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15305729			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2633
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	Author	Sanchez-Vizcaino, J.M.
	Title	Control and eradication of African horse sickness with vaccine			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Developments in Biologicals	Abbreviated Journal	Dev Biol (Basel)
	Volume	119	Issue		Pages	255-258
	Keywords	African Horse Sickness/epidemiology/prevention & control; African horse sickness virus/immunology; Animals; Disease Outbreaks/veterinary; Equidae/virology; Horses; Insect Control; Insect Vectors/virology; Spain/epidemiology; Viral Vaccines/*administration & dosage
	Abstract	African horse sickness (AHS) is an infectious but no-contagious viral disease of equidae with high mortality in horses. The disease is caused by an arthropod-borne double-stranded RNA virus within the genus Orbivirus of the family Reoviridae transmitted by at least two species of Culicoides. Nine different serotypes have been described. The nine serotypes of AHS have been described in eastern and southern Africa. Only AHS serotypes 9 and 4 have been found in West Africa from where they occasionally spread into countries surrounding the Mediterranean. Examples of outbreaks that have occurred outside Africa are: in the Middle East (1959-1963), in Spain (serotype 9, 1966, serotype 4, 1987-1990), and in Portugal (serotype 4, 1989) and Morocco (serotype 4, 1989-1991). Laboratory diagnosis of AHS is essential. Although the clinical signs and lesions are characteristic, they can be confused with those of other diseases. Several techniques have been adapted for the detection of RNA segments, antibodies and antigen. Two types of vaccines have been described for AHS virus. Attenuated live vaccines (monovalent and polyvalent) for use in horses, mules and donkeys, are currently available, as well as a monovalent, serotype 4, inactivated vaccine, produced commercially but no longer available. New vaccines, including a subunit vaccine, have been evaluated experimentally. In this paper a review of the last AHS outbreaks in Spain, occurring during 1987-1990, and affecting the central and south part of the country, is presented. The role that vaccination played for the control and eradication of the disease, as well as other aspects such as climatological conditions, number of vectors and horse management, are also presented and evaluated.
	Address	Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain. jmvizcaino@vet.ucm.es
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1424-6074	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15742636			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2357
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	Author	Traversa, D.; Otranto, D.; Iorio, R.; Giangaspero, A.
	Title	Molecular characterization of Thelazia lacrymalis (Nematoda, Spirurida) affecting equids: a tool for vector identification			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Molecular and Cellular Probes	Abbreviated Journal	Mol Cell Probes
	Volume	19	Issue	4	Pages	245-249
	Keywords	Animals; Horse Diseases/parasitology; Horses/parasitology; Insect Vectors/parasitology; Muscidae/parasitology; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Spirurida Infections/parasitology/veterinary; Thelazioidea/chemistry/genetics
	Abstract	Equine thelaziosis caused by the eyeworm Thelazia lacrymalis is a parasitic disease transmitted by muscid flies. Although equine thelaziosis is known to have worldwide distribution, information on the epidemiology and presence of the intermediate hosts of T. lacrymalis is lacking. In the present work, a PCR-RFLP based assay on the first and/or second internal transcribed spacer (ITS1 and ITS2) of ribosomal DNA was developed for the detection of T. lacrymalis DNA in its putative vector(s). The sensitivity of the technique was also assessed. The restriction patterns obtained readily differentiated T. lacrymalis from four species of Musca (Diptera, Muscidae) (i.e. Musca autumnalis, Musca domestica, Musca larvipara and Musca osiris), which are potential vectors of equine eyeworms. The molecular assay presented herein is a useful tool to identify the intermediate host(s) of T. lacrymalis in natural conditions and to study its/their ecology and epidemiology.
	Address	Department of Biomedical Comparative Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Piazza Aldo Moro 45, 64100 Teramo, Italy. dtraversa@unite.it
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0890-8508	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16038792			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2626
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