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| Author | Wittemyer, G.; Getz, W.M. | ||||
| Title | Hierarchical dominance structure and social organization in African elephants, Loxodonta africana | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
| Volume | 73 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 671-681 |
| Keywords | African elephant; between-group competition; Loxodonta africana; nepotism; resource distribution; socioecology; transitive dominance; within-group competition | ||||
| Abstract | According to the socioecological framework, transitivity (or linearity) in dominance relationships is related to competition over critical resources. When a population is structured into groups, the intensity of between- versus within-group competition influences the form and function of its social organization. Few studies have compared the type and relative intensity of competition at these two levels. African elephants have well-structured social relations, providing an exemplary system for such a study. We report on dominance hierarchies among free-ranging elephants and evaluate the factors that drive their socioecological structure to lie in a region of the three-dimensional nepotism/despotism/tolerance space rarely observed among social species; namely, where non-nepotistic, transitive dominance hierarchies within groups emerge despite kin-based philopatry and infrequent agonistic interactions over widely distributed resources. We found significant transitivity in dominance hierarchies between groups. Dominance relations among the matriarchs of different social groups were primarily age based, rather than driven by physical or group size, and group matriarch rank influenced the dominance relationships among nonmatriarchal females in the population. Our results suggest that between-group dominance relationships induce tolerance among group members, which in combination with high group relatedness, reduces the benefits of nepotism. We postulate that cognitive abilities and high risk of injury in contests enhance winner and loser effects, facilitating the formation of transitive dominance relationships, despite widely distributed resources over which infrequent competition occurs. The interplay of cognitive abilities, winner and loser effects, resource distribution, and within- and between-group dominance relationships may produce behaviour in other strongly social mammals that differs from that predicted by a superficial application of current socioecological models. | ||||
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 449 | ||
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| Author | Moehlman, P.D.; Kebede, F.; Yohannes, H. | ||||
| Title | The African wild ass (Equus africanus): conservation status in the horn of Africa | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 60 | Issue | 2-3 | Pages | 115-124 |
| Keywords | Equus africanus; Critically endangered; Extinction | ||||
| Abstract | From 1989 to 1996, surveys were made in most of the historic range of African wild asses in Somalia, Ethiopia, and Eritrea. From the 1970s to the mid 1990s populations of African wild asses (Equus africanus, Fitzinger, 1857) in Somalia and Ethiopia have declined from approximately 6 to 30 per 100 km2 to 1 or 2 per 100 km2. Given the current IUCN criteria, they are Critically Endangered (CR) and face extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future, as their populations have been reduced by at least 80% over the last 10+ years (IUCN, 1994). Basic research is needed on this species as scientific information on its reproductive biology, behavior, ecology, and genetics is very limited. Improved support needs to be provided to existing parks and reserves and new multiple use reserves need to be established. | ||||
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2380 | ||
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| Author | Giret, N.; Miklósi, Á.; Kreutzer, M.; Bovet, D. | ||||
| Title | Use of experimenter-given cues by African gray parrots ( Psittacus erithacus ) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 12 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 1-10 |
| Keywords | African gray parrots (Psittacus erithacus) – Gaze – Heterospecific communication – Object-choice – Pointing – Referential signals | ||||
| Abstract | Abstract: One advantage of living in a social group is the opportunity to use information provided by other individuals. Social information can be based on cues provided by a conspecific or even by a heterospecific individual (e.g., gaze direction, vocalizations, pointing gestures). Although the use of human gaze and gestures has been extensively studied in primates, and is increasingly studied in other mammals, there is no documentation of birds using these cues in a cooperative context. In this study, we tested the ability of three African gray parrots to use different human cues (pointing and/or gazing) in an object-choice task. We found that one subject spontaneously used the most salient pointing gesture (looking and steady pointing with hand at about 20 cm from the baited box). The two others were also able to use this cue after 15 trials. None of the parrots spontaneously used the steady gaze cues (combined head and eye orientation), but one learned to do so effectively after only 15 trials when the distance between the head and the baited box was about 1 m. However, none of the parrots were able to use the momentary pointing nor the distal pointing and gazing cues. These results are discussed in terms of sensitivity to joint attention as a prerequisite to understand pointing gestures as it is to the referential use of labels. | ||||
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4748 | ||
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| Author | Klingel, H. | ||||
| Title | Observations on social organization and behaviour of African and Asiatic Wild Asses (Equus africanus and Equus hemionus) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl Anim Behav Sci |
| Volume | 60 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 103-113 |
| Keywords | Equus africanus Equus hemionus Territoriality | ||||
| Abstract | 1This paper appears with kind permission of Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin and Hamburg. It was originally published in Z. Tierpsychol., 44, 323-331 (1977), ISSN 0044-3573/ASTM-Coden: ZETIAG.1 Abstract African and Asiatic Wild Asses (Equus africanus and Equus hemionus) live in unstable groups or herds of variable composition. Some of the adult stallions are territorial in large territories in which they tolerate other ♂♂. The territorial ♂♂ are dominant over all their conspecifics |
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| ISSN | 0168-1591 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6173 | ||
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| Author | Bates, L.A.; Byrne, R.W. | ||||
| Title | Creative or created: Using anecdotes to investigate animal cognition | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Methods | Abbreviated Journal | Methods |
| Volume | 42 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 12-21 |
| Keywords | Anecdote; Creativity; Intelligence; Deception; Innovation; African elephant | ||||
| Abstract | In non-human animals, creative behaviour occurs spontaneously only at low frequencies, so is typically missed by standardised observational methods. Experimental approaches have tended to rely overly on paradigms from child development or adult human cognition, which may be inappropriate for species that inhabit very different perceptual worlds and possess quite different motor capacities than humans. The analysis of anecdotes offers a solution to this impasse, provided certain conditions are met. To be reliable, anecdotes must be recorded immediately after observation, and only the records of scientists experienced with the species and the individuals concerned should be used. Even then, interpretation of a single record is always ambiguous, and analysis is feasible only when collation of multiple records shows that a behaviour pattern occurs repeatedly under similar circumstances. This approach has been used successfully to study a number of creative capacities of animals: the distribution, nature and neural correlates of deception across the primate order; the occurrence of teaching in animals; and the neural correlates of several aptitudes--in birds, foraging innovation, and in primates, innovation, social learning and tool-use. Drawing on these approaches, we describe the use of this method to investigate a new problem, the cognition of the African elephant, a species whose sheer size and evolutionary distance from humans renders the conventional methods of comparative psychology of little use. The aim is both to chart the creative cognitive capacities of this species, and to devise appropriate experimental methods to confirm and extend previous findings. | ||||
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| ISSN | 1046-2023 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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also special issue: Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Creativity: A Toolkit | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6185 | ||
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| Author | Vidya, T.N.C.; Sukumar, R. | ||||
| Title | Social and reproductive behaviour in elephants | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Current Science (Bangalore) | Abbreviated Journal | Curr Sci |
| Volume | 89 | Issue | 7 | Pages | 1200-1207 |
| Keywords | Acoustic communication; dispersal; Elephas maximus; Loxodonta africana; musth; social organization | ||||
| Abstract | We present a review of studies on elephant social and reproductive behaviour. While the social organization of the African savannah elephant (Loxodonta africana africana) has been intensively studied,that of the African forest elephant (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) and the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) are poorly understood. Noninvasive molecular methods are useful in combination with behavioural data in understanding social organization and dispersal strategies. The ecological determinants of social organization, and the importance of matriarchal leadership to social groups, and relative importance of different forms of communication under various ecological conditions remain interesting topics that await investigation. Reproductive behaviour also has been examined in detail only in the African savannah elephant, although rigorous chemical analyses continue to be carried out using captive elephants of both species. Improved laboratory techniques may enable future work on reproductive signalling in free-ranging elephants, allowing for comprehensive studies of male-male interactions and mate choice by females. | ||||
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| Notes |
Copyright for this article belongs to Indian Academy of Sciences. | Approved | yes | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4703 | ||
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| Author | Thackeray, J.F. | ||||
| Title | Zebras from wonderwerk cave, northern Cape province, South Africa: attempts to distinguish Equus burchelli and E. quagga | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1988 | Publication | South African journal of science | Abbreviated Journal | Suid- Afrikaanse Tydsskrif vir Wetenskap |
| Volume | 84 | Issue | Pages | 99-101 | |
| Keywords | Cape Province; Teeth; Statistical analysis; Equidae; Hippomorpha; South Africa; Southern Africa; Perissodactyla; Mammalia; Vertebrata | ||||
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| ISSN | 0038-2353 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List | Approved | yes | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 1644 | |||
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| Author | Sebastiani, F.; Meiswinkel, R.; Gomulski, L.M.; Guglielmino, C.R.; Mellor, P.S.; Malacrida, A.R.; Gasperi, G. | ||||
| Title | Molecular differentiation of the Old World Culicoides imicola species complex (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae), inferred using random amplified polymorphic DNA markers | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication | Molecular Ecology | Abbreviated Journal | Mol Ecol |
| Volume | 10 | Issue | 7 | Pages | 1773-1786 |
| Keywords | Africa; Animals; Ceratopogonidae/*classification/*genetics; Ecology; Evolution, Molecular; Female; *Genetic Markers; Madagascar; Phylogeny; *Polymorphism, Genetic; *Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique; Variation (Genetics) | ||||
| Abstract | Samples of seven of the 10 morphological species of midges of the Culicoides imicola complex were considered. The importance of this species complex is connected to its vectorial capacity for African horse sickness virus (AHSV) and bluetongue virus (BTV). Consequently, the risk of transmission may vary dramatically, depending upon the particular cryptic species present in a given area. The species complex is confined to the Old World and our samples were collected in Southern Africa, Madagascar and the Ivory Coast. Genomic DNA of 350 randomly sampled individual midges from 19 populations was amplified using four 20-mer primers by the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. One hundred and ninety-six interpretable polymorphic bands were obtained. Species-specific RAPD profiles were defined and for five species diagnostic RAPD fragments were identified. A high degree of polymorphism was detected in the species complex, most of which was observed within populations (from 64 to 76%). Principal coordinate analysis (PCO) and cluster analysis provided an estimate of the degree of variation between and within populations and species. There was substantial concordance between the taxonomies derived from morphological and molecular data. The amount and the different distributions of genetic (RAPD) variation among the taxa can be associated to their life histories, i.e. the abundance and distribution of the larval breeding sites and their seasonality. | ||||
| Address | Department of Animal Biology, Laboratory of Zoology, University of Pavia, Piazza Botta 9, I-27100 Pavia, Italy | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0962-1083 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes |
PMID:11472544 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2647 | ||
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| Author | Clark, M.L.; Ayers, M. | ||||
| Title | Friendship similarity during early adolescence: gender and racial patterns | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1992 | Publication | The Journal of Psychology | Abbreviated Journal | J Psychol |
| Volume | 126 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 393-405 |
| Keywords | Achievement; Adolescent; African Americans/*psychology; *Cross-Cultural Comparison; Female; *Gender Identity; Humans; Individuality; *Interpersonal Relations; Male; *Personality Development; Personality Inventory; Sociometric Techniques | ||||
| Abstract | We studied the relationship of reciprocity, gender, and racial composition (Caucasian, African American, cross-race) of adolescent friendship dyads to similarity and proximity in 136 young adolescents. We found that adolescents selected friends who were of the same gender and race and that female dyads were more similar than male dyads on verbal achievement and several personality dimensions. Caucasian dyads were more similar than African American dyads on verbal achievement, mental alertness, and dominance. African American adolescents had more contact with their best friends outside school, whereas Caucasian adolescent friends had more in-school contact. African American students had fewer reciprocal relationships than the Caucasian students. Cross-race friendships were less reciprocal than same-race friendships. Race and gender were important in determining friendship patterns. Similarity and proximity were more important than reciprocity in understanding early adolescent friendships. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University | ||||
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| ISSN | 0022-3980 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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PMID:1403972 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5628 | ||
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| Author | Mellor, P.S.; Hamblin, C. | ||||
| Title | African horse sickness | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Veterinary Research | Abbreviated Journal | Vet Res |
| Volume | 35 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 445-466 |
| Keywords | African Horse Sickness/epidemiology/*prevention & control/*transmission/virology; African horse sickness virus/pathogenicity; Animals; Culicidae; Europe/epidemiology; Horses; Insect Vectors | ||||
| Abstract | African horse sickness virus (AHSV) causes a non-contagious, infectious insect-borne disease of equids and is endemic in many areas of sub-Saharan Africa and possibly Yemen in the Arabian Peninsula. However, periodically the virus makes excursions beyond its endemic areas and has at times extended as far as India and Pakistan in the east and Spain and Portugal in the west. The vectors are certain species of Culicoides biting midge the most important of which is the Afro-Asiatic species C. imicola. This paper describes the effects that AHSV has on its equid hosts, aspects of its epidemiology, and present and future prospects for control. The distribution of AHSV seems to be governed by a number of factors including the efficiency of control measures, the presence or absence of a long term vertebrate reservoir and, most importantly, the prevalence and seasonal incidence of the major vector which is controlled by climate. However, with the advent of climate-change the major vector, C. imicola, has now significantly extended its range northwards to include much of Portugal, Spain, Italy and Greece and has even been recorded from southern Switzerland. Furthermore, in many of these new locations the insect is present and active throughout the entire year. With the related bluetongue virus, which utilises the same vector species of Culicoides this has, since 1998, precipitated the worst outbreaks of bluetongue disease ever recorded with the virus extending further north in Europe than ever before and apparently becoming endemic in that continent. The prospects for similar changes in the epidemiology and distribution of AHSV are discussed. | ||||
| Address | Institute for Animal Health, Department of Arbovirology, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Rd., Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom. philip.mellor@bbsrc.ac.uk | ||||
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| ISSN | 0928-4249 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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PMID:15236676 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2358 | ||
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