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Author Goncalves, D.M.; Oliveira, R.F.; Korner, K.; Poschadel, J.R.; Schlupp, I. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Using video playbacks to study visual communication in a marine fish, Salaria pavo Type Journal Article
  Year 2000 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.  
  Volume 60 Issue 3 Pages 351-357  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Video playbacks have been successfully applied to the study of visual communication in several groups of animals. However, this technique is controversial as video monitors are designed with the human visual system in mind. Differences between the visual capabilities of humans and other animals will lead to perceptually different interpretations of video images. We simultaneously presented males and females of the peacock blenny, Salaria pavo, with a live conspecific male and an online video image of the same individual. Video images failed to elicit appropriate responses. Males were aggressive towards the live male but not towards video images of the same male. Similarly, females courted only the live male and spent more time near this stimulus. In contrast, females of the gynogenetic poecilid Poecilia formosa showed an equal preference for a live and video image of a P. mexicana male, suggesting a response to live animals as strong as to video images. We discuss differences between the species that may explain their opposite reaction to video images.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 541  
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Author Kaminski, J.; Riedel, J.; Call, J.; Tomasello, M. doi  openurl
  Title Domestic goats, Capra hircus, follow gaze direction and use social cues in an object choice task Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.  
  Volume 69 Issue 1 Pages 11-18  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Gaze following is a basic social cognitive skill with many potential benefits for animals that live in social groups. At least five primate species are known to follow the gaze of conspecifics, but there have been no studies on gaze following in other mammals. We investigated whether domestic goats can use the gaze direction of a conspecific as a cue to find food. They were able to do this, at a level comparable to that of primates. In a second experiment, we tested goats' ability to use gaze and other communicative cues given by a human in a so-called object choice situation. An experimenter hid food out of sight of the subject under one of two cups. After baiting the cup the experimenter indicated the location of the food to the subject by using different cues. The goats used communicative cues (touching and pointing) but not gaze by itself. Since domestic dogs are very skilled in this task, whereas wolves are not, one hypothesis is that the use of communicative cues in the object choice task is a side-effect of domestication.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 542  
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Author Nathan J. Emery url  openurl
  Title The Evolution of Social Cognition Type Book Chapter
  Year 2005 Publication The Cognitive Neuroscience of Social BehaviourGarten Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords  
  Abstract Although this bookis focusedon the cognitive neuroscience ofhuman social behaviour, an

understandingofsocial cognition in non-human animals is critical for unravellingthe neural basis of

social cognition in humans as well as the selective pressures that have shapedthe evolution ofcomplex

social cognition. Thanks to methodological limitations, we know little about the relationships between

certain biochemical andelectrophysiological properties ofthe human brain andhow theycompute the

behaviour andmental states ofother individuals. Traditional techniques for examiningneural function

in humans, such as event-relatedpotentials (ERP),positron emission tomography(PET),and

functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI),are constrainedbythe fact that subjects are placed

either into an immoveable scanner with a lot ofbackgroundnoise or wiredup with dozens of

electrodes that are sensitive to slight movements. The possibilityofscanningor recordingbrain waves

from two individuals that are physicallyinteractingsociallyis technicallyimpossible at present

(however, see Montague et al, 2002 for a new methodfor simultaneouslyscanningtwo individuals

interactingvia a computer).

The onlywayto understandthe neurocognitive architecture ofhuman social behaviour is to examine

similar social processes in both human andnon-human animal minds andmake comparisons at the

species level. An additional argument is that traditional human socio-cognitive tasks are dependent on

the use ofstories, cartoons andverbal cues andinstructions (Heberlein & Adolphs, this volume)which

themselves will elicit specific neural responses that have to be eliminatedfrom neural responses

specificallyrelatedto mindreading. Therefore, the development ofnon-verbal tasks wouldprovide a

breakthrough for studies in non-linguistic animals, pre-verbal human infants andhuman cognitive

neuroimaging.
 
  Address  
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  Publisher Psychology Press Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 543  
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Author Itakura, S. doi  openurl
  Title Gaze Following and Joint Visual Attention in Nonhuman Animals Type Journal Article
  Year 2004 Publication Japanese Psychological Research Abbreviated Journal Jpn. Psychol. Res.  
  Volume 3 Issue Pages 216-226  
  Keywords gaze-following; joint visual attention; theory of mind; nonhuman animal  
  Abstract n this paper, studies of gaze-following and joint visual attention in nonhuman animals are reviewed from the theoretical perspective of Emery (2000). There are many studies of gaze-following and joint visual attention in nonhuman primates. The reports concern not only adult individuals but also the development of these abilities. Studies to date suggest that monkeys and apes are able to follow the gaze of others, but only apes can understand the seeing-knowing relationship with regards to conspecifics in competitive situations. Also, there have recently been some reports of ability to follow the gaze of humans in domestic animals, such as dogs or horses, interacting with humans. These domestic animals are considered to have acquired this ability during their long history of selective breeding by humans. However, we need to clarify social gaze parameters in various species to improve our knowledge of the evolution of how we process others gazing, attention, and mental states.  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 545  
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Author Hare, B.; Tomasello, M. doi  openurl
  Title Human-like social skills in dogs? Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication Trends in Cognitive Sciences Abbreviated Journal Trends. Cognit. Sci.  
  Volume 9 Issue 9 Pages 439-444  
  Keywords *Animal Communication; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition/*physiology; Dogs; *Evolution; Humans; *Social Behavior  
  Abstract Domestic dogs are unusually skilled at reading human social and communicative behavior--even more so than our nearest primate relatives. For example, they use human social and communicative behavior (e.g. a pointing gesture) to find hidden food, and they know what the human can and cannot see in various situations. Recent comparisons between canid species suggest that these unusual social skills have a heritable component and initially evolved during domestication as a result of selection on systems mediating fear and aggression towards humans. Differences in chimpanzee and human temperament suggest that a similar process may have been an important catalyst leading to the evolution of unusual social skills in our own species. The study of convergent evolution provides an exciting opportunity to gain further insights into the evolutionary processes leading to human-like forms of cooperation and communication.  
  Address Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, Germany. hare@eva.mpg.de  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1364-6613 ISBN Medium (down)  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:16061417 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 546  
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Author Digweed, Shannon M.; Fedigan, Linda M.; Rendall, Drew doi  openurl
  Title Variable specificity in the anti-predator vocalizations and behaviour of the white-faced capuchin, Cebus capucinus Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication Behaviour Abbreviated Journal Behaviour  
  Volume 142 Issue 8 Pages 997-1021  
  Keywords  
  Abstract (Accepted: 23 June 2005)

Summary

Much research in animal communication is aimed at understanding the functional design

features of animal vocal signals. Our detailed analyses of the vocalizations and behavioural

responses elicited in white-faced capuchins by predators and other disturbances point to two

call variants that differ modestly in their acoustic structure and that are accompanied by

functionally distinct behavioural responses. The first variant is given exclusively to avian

predators and is almost invariably accompanied by the monkeys immediate descent from

the treetops where it is most vulnerable; therefore, we label this call variant the aerial

predator alarm?. The second variant, that differs only slightly but noticeably from the first,

is given to a wide range of snakes and mammals, including a range of species that represent

no predatory threat to the monkeys. This second call is also associated with more variable

responses from calling monkeys, from delayed retreat from the source of disturbance, to

active approach, inspection, and sometimes mobbing of the animal involved. We therefore

label this variant more generally as an “alerting call”. Although some other primate species

show a more diverse system of anti-predator calls, and the capuchins themselves may yet

be found to produce a greater variety of calls, a system of two call variants with varying

degrees of predator specificity and behavioural response is not uncommon among primates

and appears functionally appropriate for capuchins. The basic structure of the alerting call

allows conspecific listeners to localize the caller and the source of disturbance readily, thereby

allowing listeners to approach and assist in mobbing in cases where the disturbance warrants

it, or to avoid the area in cases where the disturbance is identified as a predatory threat.

Conversely, the aerial predator alarm is inherently less localizable and therefore conveys the
 
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 547  
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Author Dunbar, R. doi  openurl
  Title Evolution of the social brain Type Journal Article
  Year 2003 Publication Science Abbreviated Journal Science  
  Volume 302 Issue 5648 Pages 1160-1161  
  Keywords Animals; Animals, Wild; *Cognition; Endorphins/physiology; *Evolution; Female; Grooming; Hierarchy, Social; Language; Neocortex/anatomy & histology/physiology; Papio/physiology/*psychology; *Reproduction; *Social Behavior; Social Dominance; Social Support; Vocalization, Animal  
  Abstract  
  Address School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK. rimd@liv.ac.uk  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1095-9203 ISBN Medium (down)  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:14615522 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 548  
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Author Zhou, W.-X.; Sornette, D.; Hill, R.A.; Dunbar, R.I.M. doi  openurl
  Title Discrete hierarchical organization of social group sizes Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society Abbreviated Journal Proc Biol Sci  
  Volume 272 Issue 1561 Pages 439-444  
  Keywords Anthropology, Cultural; *Group Structure; Humans; *Models, Biological; *Social Behavior; *Social Environment  
  Abstract The 'social brain hypothesis' for the evolution of large brains in primates has led to evidence for the coevolution of neocortical size and social group sizes, suggesting that there is a cognitive constraint on group size that depends, in some way, on the volume of neural material available for processing and synthesizing information on social relationships. More recently, work on both human and non-human primates has suggested that social groups are often hierarchically structured. We combine data on human grouping patterns in a comprehensive and systematic study. Using fractal analysis, we identify, with high statistical confidence, a discrete hierarchy of group sizes with a preferred scaling ratio close to three: rather than a single or a continuous spectrum of group sizes, humans spontaneously form groups of preferred sizes organized in a geometrical series approximating 3-5, 9-15, 30-45, etc. Such discrete scale invariance could be related to that identified in signatures of herding behaviour in financial markets and might reflect a hierarchical processing of social nearness by human brains.  
  Address State Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0962-8452 ISBN Medium (down)  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:15734699 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 549  
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Author Janik, V.M. openurl 
  Title Whistle matching in wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) Type Journal Article
  Year 2000 Publication Science (New York, N.Y.) Abbreviated Journal Science  
  Volume 289 Issue 5483 Pages 1355-1357  
  Keywords Animals; Animals, Wild/physiology; Dolphins/*physiology; *Imitative Behavior; *Learning; *Social Behavior; *Vocalization, Animal  
  Abstract Dolphin communication is suspected to be complex, on the basis of their call repertoires, cognitive abilities, and ability to modify signals through vocal learning. Because of the difficulties involved in observing and recording individual cetaceans, very little is known about how they use their calls. This report shows that wild, unrestrained bottlenose dolphins use their learned whistles in matching interactions, in which an individual responds to a whistle of a conspecific by emitting the same whistle type. Vocal matching occurred over distances of up to 580 meters and is indicative of animals addressing each other individually.  
  Address School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, Bute Building, Fife KY16 9TS, UK  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0036-8075 ISBN Medium (down)  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:10958783 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 550  
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Author Moehlman, P.D. url  openurl
  Title Endangered wild equids Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication Scientific American Abbreviated Journal Sci Am  
  Volume 292 Issue 3 Pages 74-81  
  Keywords Africa; Americas; Animals; *Animals, Wild/physiology; Asia; *Conservation of Energy Resources; Environment; *Equidae/physiology; Food Chain; Humans; Male; Reproduction  
  Abstract  
  Address IUCN-The World Conservation Union/Species Survival Commission Equid Specialist Group  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0036-8733 ISBN Medium (down)  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:15859216 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 551  
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