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Author |
Barton, R.A. |
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Title |
Neocortex size and behavioural ecology in primates |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the Royal Society B |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B |
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Volume |
263 |
Issue |
1367 |
Pages |
173-177 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Brain/*anatomy & histology; Cerebral Cortex/*anatomy & histology/*physiology; *Ecology; Evolution; Primates/anatomy & histology/*physiology/psychology; Regression Analysis; Species Specificity |
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Abstract |
The neocortex is widely held to have been the focus of mammalian brain evolution, but what selection pressures explain the observed diversity in its size and structure? Among primates, comparative studies suggest that neocortical evolution is related to the cognitive demands of sociality, and here I confirm that neocortex size and social group size are positively correlated once phylogenetic associations and overall brain size are taken into account. This association holds within haplorhine but not strepsirhine primates. In addition, the neocortex is larger in diurnal than in nocturnal primates, and among diurnal haplorhines its size is positively correlated with the degree of frugivory. These ecological correlates reflect the diverse sensory-cognitive functions of the neocortex. |
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Department of Anthropology, University of Durham |
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English |
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ISSN |
0962-8452 |
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Notes |
PMID:8728982 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4783 |
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Author |
Ishida, N.; Oyunsuren, T.; Mashima, S.; Mukoyama, H.; Saitou, N. |
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Title |
Mitochondrial DNA sequences of various species of the genus Equus with special reference to the phylogenetic relationship between Przewalskii's wild horse and domestic horse |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Journal of Molecular Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Mol Evol |
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Volume |
41 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
180-188 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Base Sequence; Chromosomes; Conserved Sequence/genetics; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics; Evolution; Genetic Variation/*genetics; Horses/*genetics; Molecular Sequence Data; *Phylogeny; RNA, Transfer, Pro/genetics; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Analysis, DNA |
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Abstract |
The noncoding region between tRNAPro and the large conserved sequence block is the most variable region in the mammalian mitochondrial DNA D-loop region. This variable region (ca. 270 bp) of four species of Equus, including Mongolian and Japanese native domestic horses as well as Przewalskii's (or Mongolian) wild horse, were sequenced. These data were compared with our recently published Thoroughbred horse mitochondrial DNA sequences. The evolutionary rate of this region among the four species of Equus was estimated to be 2-4 x 10(-8) per site per year. Phylogenetic trees of Equus species demonstrate that Przewalskii's wild horse is within the genetic variation among the domestic horse. This suggests that the chromosome number change (probably increase) of the Przewalskii's wild horse occurred rather recently. |
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Address |
Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Japan Racing Association, Tokyo |
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English |
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ISSN |
0022-2844 |
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Notes |
PMID:7666447 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5042 |
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Author |
Lee, R.D. |
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Title |
Rethinking the evolutionary theory of aging: transfers, not births, shape senescence in social species |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |
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Volume |
100 |
Issue |
16 |
Pages |
9637-9642 |
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Keywords |
Adaptation, Physiological; *Aging; Animals; *Biological Evolution; Demography; Economics; Environment; Fertility; Humans; Life Expectancy; Longevity; Models, Theoretical; Parturition; Population Dynamics; Population Growth; Reproduction |
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Abstract |
The classic evolutionary theory of aging explains why mortality rises with age: as individuals grow older, less lifetime fertility remains, so continued survival contributes less to reproductive fitness. However, successful reproduction often involves intergenerational transfers as well as fertility. In the formal theory offered here, age-specific selective pressure on mortality depends on a weighted average of remaining fertility (the classic effect) and remaining intergenerational transfers to be made to others. For species at the optimal quantity-investment tradeoff for offspring, only the transfer effect shapes mortality, explaining postreproductive survival and why juvenile mortality declines with age. It also explains the evolution of lower fertility, longer life, and increased investments in offspring. |
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Address |
Department of Demography, University of California, 2232 Piedmont Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94720-2120, USA. rlee@demog.berkeley.edu |
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English |
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ISSN |
0027-8424 |
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Notes |
PMID:12878733 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5465 |
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Author |
Cochet, H.; Byrne, R.W. |
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Title |
Evolutionary origins of human handedness: evaluating contrasting hypotheses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2013 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Animal Cognition |
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Volume |
16 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
531-542 |
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Keywords |
Hand preference; Hemispheric specialization; Communicative gestures; Evolution of language; Nonhuman primates; Human children |
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Abstract |
Variation in methods and measures, resulting in past dispute over the existence of population handedness in nonhuman great apes, has impeded progress into the origins of human right-handedness and how it relates to the human hallmark of language. Pooling evidence from behavioral studies, neuroimaging and neuroanatomy, we evaluate data on manual and cerebral laterality in humans and other apes engaged in a range of manipulative tasks and in gestural communication. A simplistic human/animal partition is no longer tenable, and we review four (nonexclusive) possible drivers for the origin of population-level right-handedness: skilled manipulative activity, as in tool use; communicative gestures; organizational complexity of action, in particular hierarchical structure; and the role of intentionality in goal-directed action. Fully testing these hypotheses will require developmental and evolutionary evidence as well as modern neuroimaging data. |
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Springer-Verlag |
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English |
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ISSN |
1435-9448 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5691 |
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Author |
Vollmerhaus, B.; Roos, H.; Gerhards, H.; Knospe, C. |
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Title |
[Phylogeny, form and function of canine teeth in the horse] |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Anatomia, histologia, embryologia |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anat Histol Embryol |
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Volume |
32 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
212-217 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Cuspid/*anatomy & histology/radiography; Evolution; Horses/*anatomy & histology; Male; Phylogeny; *Social Dominance |
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Abstract |
The canine teeth of the horse developed phylogenically from the simple, pointed, short-rooted tooth form of the leaf eating, in pairs living, Eocene horse Hyracotherium and served up to the Oligocene as a means of defense (self preservation). In the Miocene the living conditions of the Merychippus changed and they took to eating grass and adopted as a new behavior the life in a herd. The canine teeth possibly played an important role in fights for social ranking; they changed from a crown form to knife-like shape. In the Pliohippus the canine tooth usually remained in male horses and since the Pliocene, it contributed to the fights between stallions, to ensure that the offspring only came from the strongest animals (preservation of the species). Form and construction of the canine tooth are described and discussed in detail under the above mentioned phylogenic and ethologic aspects. |
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Address |
Institut fur Tieranatomie und Chirurgische Tierklinik der Universitat Munchen, Veterinarstrasse 13, D 80539 Munchen, Deutschland. c-neumueller@anat.vetmed.uni-muenchen.de |
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Language |
German |
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Original Title |
[Zur Phylogenie, Form und Funktion der Dentes canini des Pferdes] |
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ISSN |
0340-2096 |
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Notes |
PMID:12919071 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
672 |
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Author |
Isenbugel, E. |
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Title |
[From wild horse to riding horse] |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde |
Abbreviated Journal |
Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd |
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Volume |
144 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
323-329 |
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Keywords |
Animal Husbandry/*history; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; *Bonding, Human-Pet; Breeding/history; Evolution; Female; History, 15th Century; History, 16th Century; History, 17th Century; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; History, Ancient; History, Medieval; *Horses/physiology/psychology; Humans; Male; Paintings; Predatory Behavior; Sculpture; Sports/history |
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Abstract |
Over 45 million years of evolution the horse developed to a highly specialized animal in anatomy, physiology and behavior. No other animal had influenced the economic and cultural history of men to such extent. Hunting prey since the ice age, domesticated 4000 B.C. and used for thousands of years as unique animal all over the world has attained a new role today as partner in sport, as companion animal and even as cotherapeutic. The well known behavioral demands in use and keeping are still often not fulfilled. |
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Address |
Zoologischer Garten Zurich |
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German |
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Original Title |
Vom Wildpferd zum Reitpferd |
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ISSN |
0036-7281 |
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Notes |
PMID:12174680 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
1913 |
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Author |
Sukhomlinov, B.F.; Korobov, V.N.; Gonchar, M.V.; Datsiuk, L.A.; Korzhev, V.A. |
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Title |
[Comparative analysis of the peroxidase activity of myoglobins in mammals] |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1987 |
Publication |
Zhurnal Evoliutsionnoi Biokhimii i Fiziologii |
Abbreviated Journal |
Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol |
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Volume |
23 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
37-41 |
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Keywords |
Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Ecology; *Evolution; Kinetics; Mammals/*metabolism; Myoglobin/*metabolism; Peroxidases/*metabolism |
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Abstract |
Studies have been made on the peroxidase activity of metmyoglobins in animals from various ecological groups--the horse Equus caballus, cattle Bos taurus, beaver Castor fiber, otter Lutra lutra, mink Mustela vison and dog Canis familiaris. It was found that the level of this activity in diving animals depends on the duration of their diving, whereas in terrestrial species--on the strength of muscular contraction. |
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Russian |
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Original Title |
Sravnitel'nyi analiz peroksidaznoi aktivnosti mioglobinov u mlekopitaiushchikh |
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ISSN |
0044-4529 |
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Notes |
PMID:3564776 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2681 |
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Author |
Rumiantsev, S.N. |
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Title |
[Biological function of Clostridium tetani toxin (ecological and evolutionary aspects)] |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1973 |
Publication |
Zhurnal Evoliutsionnoi Biokhimii i Fiziologii |
Abbreviated Journal |
Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol |
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Volume |
9 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
474-480 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Cats; Chickens; Dogs; Ecology; Evolution; Goats; Guinea Pigs; Haplorhini; Horses; Insectivora; Mice; Perissodactyla; Rabbits; Rats; Sheep; *Tetanus Toxin |
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Language |
Russian |
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Original Title |
K voprosu biologicheskoi funktsii toksina Clostridium tetani (ekologicheskie i evolutsionnye aspekty |
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ISSN |
0044-4529 |
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Notes |
PMID:4203684 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2713 |
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Author |
Kozarovitskii, L.B. |
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Title |
[Further comment on the distinction between humans and animals] |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1988 |
Publication |
Nauchnye Doklady Vysshei Shkoly. Biologicheskie Nauki |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nauchnye Doki Vyss Shkoly Biol Nauki |
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Issue |
3 |
Pages |
42-45 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Consciousness; Evolution; Humans; Mental Processes; *Philosophy; Thinking |
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Abstract |
The problem of mind is considered in the aspect of natural scientific and philosophical problem of distinction between human and animal. The widespread confusion of the terms “rudiments”, “elements” of specifically human properties in animals and “biological prerequisites” of these properties are critically analysed. The idea is formulated according to which only in the process of anthropogenesis the rudiments of new social property--mind, conscience--could appear in the developing human beings. |
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Russian |
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Original Title |
Eshche raz o grani mezhdu chelovecheskim i zhivotnym |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0470-4606 |
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Notes |
PMID:3382706 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2800 |
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