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Author |
Mitchell, C.J.; Darsie, R.F.J.; Monath, T.P.; Sabattini, M.S.; Daffner, J. |
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Title |
The use of an animal-baited net trap for collecting mosquitoes during western equine encephalitis investigations in Argentina |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1985 |
Publication |
Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Am Mosq Control Assoc |
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Volume |
1 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
43-47 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Argentina; *Culicidae/classification; Disease Outbreaks/veterinary; Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine; Encephalomyelitis, Equine/transmission/*veterinary; Entomology/*instrumentation; Equipment Design; Horse Diseases/*transmission; Horses; *Insect Vectors; Population Surveillance |
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Abstract |
A large net trap was used to sample mosquito populations attracted to horses at three sites each in Santa Fe and Rio Negro Provinces, Argentina, during the austral summer of 1984. These provinces, as well as others in Argentina, were affected by a severe epizootic of western equine encephalitis (WEE) during 1982-83. Totals of 2,752 and 6,929 mosquitoes were collected in Santa Fe and Rio Negro Provinces during five and three trap nights, respectively. Culex mosquitoes of the subgenus Culex were predominant (45.8% of total) in the Santa Fe collections, although Aedes albifasciatus also was prevalent (21.7%). The latter species was predominant (95.7% of total) in the Rio Negro collections. The mosquito fauna was less complex (minimum of 6 species) in Rio Negro Province as compared to Santa Fe Province (minimum of 18 species). The advantages of the net trap indicate that this trap can become a useful tool in arbovirus ecology studies in other areas. |
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Division of Vector-Borne Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Fort Collins, CO 80522-2087 |
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8756-971X |
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PMID:2906656 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2686 |
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Author |
Alexander, D.J. |
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Title |
Ecological aspects of influenza A viruses in animals and their relationship to human influenza: a review |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1982 |
Publication |
Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |
Abbreviated Journal |
J R Soc Med |
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Volume |
75 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
799-811 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Animals, Domestic; Bird Diseases/transmission; Birds; Disease Outbreaks; Ecology; Horse Diseases/transmission; Horses; Humans; Influenza A virus/genetics/isolation & purification; Influenza, Human/microbiology/*transmission/veterinary; Swine; Swine Diseases/transmission; Zoonoses/transmission |
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0141-0768 |
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Notes |
PMID:6752410 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2689 |
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Author |
Tumova, B. |
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Title |
Equine influenza--a segment in influenza virus ecology |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1980 |
Publication |
Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases |
Abbreviated Journal |
Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis |
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Volume |
3 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
45-59 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Antigens, Viral; Genes, Viral; Horse Diseases/*microbiology; Horses; Influenza A virus/immunology/pathogenicity/*physiology; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/microbiology/*veterinary; Viral Proteins/analysis |
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0147-9571 |
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Notes |
PMID:6258849 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2691 |
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Author |
Iwuala, M.O.; Okpala, I. |
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Title |
Studies on the ectoparasitic fauna of Nigerian livestock II: Seasonal infestation rates |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1978 |
Publication |
Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa. Bulletin des Sante et Production Animales en Afrique |
Abbreviated Journal |
Bull Anim Health Prod Afr |
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Volume |
26 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
351-359 |
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Keywords |
Animal Diseases/*epidemiology; Animals; Cattle; Dogs; Ecology; Ectoparasitic Infestations/epidemiology/*veterinary; Goats; Horses; Nigeria; Seasons; Sheep; Swine |
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0378-9721 |
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Notes |
PMID:756759 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2695 |
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Author |
Iwuala, M.O.; Okpala, I. |
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Title |
Studies on the ectoparasitic fauna of Nigerian livestock I: Types and distribution patterns on hosts' |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1978 |
Publication |
Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa. Bulletin des Sante et Production Animales en Afrique |
Abbreviated Journal |
Bull Anim Health Prod Afr |
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Volume |
26 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
339-350 |
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Keywords |
Animal Diseases/*epidemiology; Animals; Cattle; Dogs; Ecology; Ectoparasitic Infestations/epidemiology/*veterinary; Goats; Horses; Nigeria; Sheep; Swine |
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0378-9721 |
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Notes |
PMID:756758 |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2696 |
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Author |
Dowdle, W.R.; Schild, G.C. |
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Title |
Influenza: its antigenic variation and ecology |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1976 |
Publication |
Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization |
Abbreviated Journal |
Bull Pan Am Health Organ |
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Volume |
10 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
193-195 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Antigens, Viral; Bird Diseases/microbiology; Birds; Hemagglutinins, Viral; Horse Diseases/microbiology; Horses; Humans; Influenza A virus/immunology/isolation & purification; Influenza, Human/epidemiology; Mutation; Neuraminidase/immunology; Orthomyxoviridae/enzymology/*immunology; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/microbiology/veterinary; Recombination, Genetic; Swine; Swine Diseases/microbiology |
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Abstract |
Influenza viruses have two surface antigens, the glycoprotein structures hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Antibodies to each of these are associated with immunity, but the structures themselves are antigenically variable. When an antigenic change is gradual over time it is referred to as a drift, while a sudden complete or major change in either or both antigens is termed a shift. The mechanism of antigenic drift is usually attributed to selection of preexisting mutants by pressure from increasing immunity in the human population. The mechanism of antigenic shift is less clear, but one tentative hypothesis is that shifts arise from mammalian or avian reservoirs, or through genetic recombination of human and animal influenza strains. |
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ISSN |
0085-4638 |
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Notes |
PMID:187273 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2700 |
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Author |
Scherer, W.F.; Madalengoitia, J.; Flores, W.; Acosta, M. |
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Title |
Ecologic studies of Venezuelan encephalitis virus in Peru during 1970-1971 |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1975 |
Publication |
American Journal of Epidemiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Epidemiol |
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Volume |
101 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
347-355 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Cricetinae/immunology; Culicidae/microbiology; *Disease Vectors; Ecology; *Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/immunology/isolation & purification; Encephalomyelitis, Equine/immunology/microbiology/transmission; Female; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; Horses/immunology; Humans; Neutralization Tests; Peru |
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Abstract |
Venezuelan encephalitis (VE) virus has intermittently produced epidemics and equine epizootics on the dry Pacific coastal plain of Peru since at least the 1930's. However, evidence that the virus exists in the Amazon region of Peru to the east of the Andes mountains was not obtained until antibodies were found in human sera collected in 1965, and 10 strains of the virus were isolated in a forest near the city of Iquitos, Peru during February and March 1971. Eight strains came from mosquitoes and two from dead sentinel hamsters. Three hamsters exposed in forests near Iquitos developed VE virus antibodies suggesting that hamster-benign strains also exist there. Antibody tests of equine sera revealed no evidence that VE virus was actively cycling during the late 1950's or 1960's in southern coastal Peru, where equine epizootics had occurred in the 1930's and 1940's. In northern coastal Peru bordering Ecuador, antibodies were present in equine sera, presumably residual from the 1969 outbreak caused by subtype I virus, since neutralizing antibody titers were higher to subtype I virus than to subtypes III or IV. No VE virus was detected in this northern region during the dry season of 1970 by use of sentinel hamsters. The possibility is considered that VE epidemics and equine epizootics on the Pacific coast of Peru are caused by movements of virus in infected vertebrates traversing Andean passes or in infected vertebrates or mosquitoes carried in airplanes from the Amazon region. |
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ISSN |
0002-9262 |
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Notes |
PMID:235838 |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2705 |
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Author |
Sudia, W.D.; Fernandez, L.; Newhouse, V.F.; Sanz, R.; Calisher, C.H. |
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Title |
Arbovirus vector ecology studies in Mexico during the 1972 Venezuelan equine encephalitis outbreak |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1975 |
Publication |
American Journal of Epidemiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Epidemiol |
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Volume |
101 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
51-58 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Arboviruses/isolation & purification; Culicidae/microbiology; Disease Vectors/*microbiology; Ecology; Encephalitis Virus, St. Louis/isolation & purification; Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/*isolation & purification; Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine/isolation & purification; Encephalomyelitis, Equine/epidemiology/*transmission/veterinary; Horse Diseases/epidemiology/*transmission; Horses; Insect Vectors/microbiology; Mexico |
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Abstract |
Virus vector studies were conducted in the States of Durango, Chihuahua, and Tamaulipas, Mexico, in June and July 1972. Apparently only a low level of Venzuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus transmission to equines occured at the time of the study, and the infection was restricted to areas which had not experienced overt activity during the preceding year. The low level of infection was associated with a scarcity of mosquitoes. The IB (epidemic) strain of VEE virus was isolated from two pools of Anopheles pseudopunctipennis (Theo.) and the blood of one symptomatic equine. The low mosquito population, the relatively few equine cases observed, and the absence of reports of VEE human disease from the outbreak area suggested VEE virus persistence through a low-level mosquito-equine transmission cycle. Other studies have already indicated that wild vertebrates play no more than a minor role in outbreaks of epidemic VEE. Mosquito collections made in areas of the states of Durango, Chihuahua, and Tamaulipas, where considerable epidemic activity of VEE had occurred in 1971, failed to reveal evidence of VEE virus persistence. Twenty-nine ioslations of other arboviruses were also made in these studies: including 22 of St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLE), 2 of Flanders virus, 1 of Turlock virus, 1 of Trivittatus virus of the California Group, 1 of western equine encephalitis virus (VEE), and 2 (from Santa Rose) which possibly represent a hitherto unknown virus in the Bunyamwera Group. These are the first reports of SLE virus isolations from mosquitoes in Mexico, and the first demonstration of Trivittatus, VEE Turlock and Flanders viruses in Mexico from any source. |
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0002-9262 |
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Notes |
PMID:235213 |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2706 |
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Author |
Pitchford, R.J.; Visser, P.S.; du Toit, J.F.; de Pienaar, U.V.; Young, E. |
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Title |
Observations on the ecology of Schistosoma mattheei Veglia & Le Roux, 1929, in portion of the Kruger National Park and surrounding area using a new quantitative technique for egg output |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1973 |
Publication |
Journal of the South African Veterinary Association |
Abbreviated Journal |
J S Afr Vet Assoc |
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Volume |
44 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
405-420 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Artiodactyla; Buffaloes; Cattle; Cattle Diseases/epidemiology; Dog Diseases/epidemiology; Dogs; Feces; Goats; Haplorhini; Horse Diseases/epidemiology; Horses; Humans; Methods; Monkey Diseases/epidemiology; Papio; Parasite Egg Count; Schistosomiasis/epidemiology/*veterinary; Sheep; Sheep Diseases/epidemiology; South Africa; Swine; Swine Diseases/epidemiology |
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1019-9128 |
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Notes |
PMID:4212207 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2711 |
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Author |
Bast, T.F.; Whitney, E.; Benach, J.L. |
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Title |
Considerations on the ecology of several arboviruses in eastern Long Island |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1973 |
Publication |
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Trop Med Hyg |
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Volume |
22 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
109-115 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Antibodies, Viral/analysis; Arboviruses/*isolation & purification; Birds; Brain/microbiology; Ecology; Encephalitis Virus, St. Louis/immunology/isolation & purification; Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine/immunology/isolation & purification; Encephalitis Viruses/immunology/isolation & purification; Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology/isolation & purification; Encephalomyelitis, Equine/epidemiology/veterinary; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; Horse Diseases/epidemiology; Horses; Humans; Insects; Liver/microbiology; Mites; Neutralization Tests; New York; Snakes; Ticks |
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0002-9637 |
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Notes |
PMID:4684881 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2715 |
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