| Records |
| Author |
Weckerly, Floyd W. |
| Title |
Social bonding and aggression in female Roosevelt elk |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Canadian Journal of Zoology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Can J Zool |
| Volume |
77 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
1379-1384 |
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| Abstract |
Abstract: The relationship between degree of social bonding (extent of association among individuals) and level of aggression in ruminants is unclear. I examined social bonding and aggression in three groups of female Roosevelt elk (Cervus elaphus roosevelti) over 2 years. I hypothesized that when animals are socially bonded, bouts of aggression will be won by the individual initiating the aggression, occur quickly, and involve little physical contact, and the level of aggression does not correlate with group size. The degree of social bonding was high among individuals in all groups. Dyads of known individuals were together >80% of the time. A permutation analysis indicated that groups with the observed sizes had <0.001 chance of random association, except on one occasion when the probability was 0.72 for one group. Using focal-animal sampling, aggressive interactions were won 72% of the time by the initiator, occurred quickly (<5 s), and involved little physical contact, and the level of aggression was not correlated with group size. The level of aggression was, however, significantly lower in one of the groups. This group may have had access to more abundant food resources than the other groups. Socially bonded elk conducted aggressive interactions in a fashion that did not disrupt social stability. Résumé : La relation entre le degré de liaison sociale (importance des associations entre individus) et l`agressivité n`est pas claire chez les ruminants. J`ai étudié les liaisons sociales et l`agressivité chez trois groupes de femelles du Cerf de Roosevelt (Cervus elaphus roosevelti) pendant 2 ans. J`ai posé en hypothèse que, chez les animaux liés socialement, la victoire devrait être emportée par l`individu qui entreprend l`agression, l`agression devrait être de courte durée, se faire avec peu de contacts physiques et la fréquence des agressions ne devrait pas être liée à la taille du groupe. Des paires d`individus passaient plus de 80% de leur temps ensemble. Une analyse des permutations a démontré que, chez les groupes des tailles observées, la probabilité d`une association aléatoire était de moins de 0,001, sauf en un cas où cette probabilité a été évaluée à 0,72 chez un groupe. Par échantillonnage directionnel, j`ai observé que les interactions agressives étaient gagnées par l`individu attaquant 72% du temps, étaient de courte durée (<5 s), se faisaient avec peu de contacts physiques et leur fréquence n`était pas reliée à la taille du groupe. Il y avait cependant moins d`agressivité chez l`un des groupes. Il se peut que ce groupe ait eu accès à plus de ressources alimentaires que les autres. Chez les cerfs liés par des liens sociaux, l`agressivité ne se manifeste pas de façon à déséquilibrer la stabilité sociale. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4268 |
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| Author |
Koops, M.A.; Abrahams, M.V. |
| Title |
Assessing the Ideal Free Distribution: Do Guppies Use Aggression as Public Information about Patch Quality? |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ethology |
| Volume |
105 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
737-746 |
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Aggression can be costly to foragers, yet some recent research suggests that foragers should use aggression as a cue to patch quality (the attractive aggression hypothesis). If aggression is predictive of patch quality, then the attractive aggression hypothesis predicts that the distribution of foragers should follow the distribution of aggression. If, instead, aggression is repulsive because it is costly, then the distribution of foragers should diverge from the distribution of aggression. We tested the attractive aggression hypothesis using female guppies, Poecilia reticulata, and found that the distribution of foragers followed the distribution of food, but was unaffected by the distribution of aggression. These data do not support the attractive aggression hypothesis, but instead suggest that the distribution of aggression is a consequence of the distribution of foragers, and that aggression is not used as public information about patch quality. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4271 |
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Lamarck,Jean-Baptiste |
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Philosophie zoologique |
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1999 |
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french |
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978-2080707079 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4403 |
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Gosling, S.D.; John, O.P. |
| Title |
Personality Dimensions in Nonhuman Animals: A Cross-Species Review |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Current Directions in Psychological Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. |
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8 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
69-75 |
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The evolutionary continuity between humans and other animals suggests that some dimensions of personality may be common across a wide range of species. Unfortunately, there is no unified body of research on animal personality; studies are dispersed across multiple disciplines and diverse journals. To review 19 studies of personality factors in 12 nonhuman species, we used the human Five-Factor Model plus Dominance and Activity as a preliminary framework. Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Agreeableness showed the strongest cross-speciesgenerality, followed by Openness; a separate Conscientiousness dimension appeared only in chimpanzees, humans` closest relatives. Cross-species evidence was modest for a separate Dominance dimension but scant for Activity. The comparative approach taken here offers a fresh perspective on human personality and should facilitate hypothesis-driven research on the social and biological bases of personality. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4417 |
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| Author |
Lestel, D.; Grundmann, E. |
| Title |
Tools, techniques and animals: the role of mediations of actions in the dynamics of social behaviours |
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Journal Article |
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1999 |
Publication |
Social Science Information |
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38 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
367-407 |
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The definition of tool proposed by Beck (1980) is still the one referred to in ethology when discussing the question of tool-use in animals, and its pertinence is rarely questioned. However, observations on technical behaviours in animals have multiplied over the last 20 years, and these have profoundly altered our earlier representations. In the present article, we show that Beck's definition is insufficient and that it does not, in fact, work. More generally, we replace a theory of tools with a theory of mediations of actions to account for technical behaviours in animals. We show that a culturally overcharged notion such as that of tool hinders our perception of the diversity and the complexity of tool uses. By speaking of mediations of actions and not of tools, we eliminate the problem of first defining the pertinent object (is it a tool or not?) and are free to concentrate on the means by which the animal externalizes its actions and thus procures greater means of acting on these within a group. In so doing, we prepare the ground for a genuine evolutionary understanding of the dynamics of actions within a given animal population. Whereas, with a few exceptions, ethologists have always separated the question of techniques from that of social behaviour, we emphasize the importance of an ecology of mediations of actions for understanding the structure and dynamics of animal societies, in particular by attempting to rethink such notions as “culture” in the perspective of a general analysis of mediations of actions. |
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10.1177/053901899038003002 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4431 |
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| Author |
Heipertz- Hengst, C. |
| Title |
Pferde richtig trainieren |
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1999 |
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Cadmos |
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Lüneburg |
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978-3861273417 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4444 |
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Tschudin, A. |
| Title |
Relative Neocortex Size and Its Correlates in Dolphins: Comparisons with Humans and Implications for Mental Evolution |
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1999 |
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Ph.D. thesis |
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University of Natal |
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Pietermaritzburg, South Africa |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4727 |
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Whitehead, H.; Dufault, S. |
| Title |
Techniques for Analyzing Vertebrate Social Structure Using Identified Individuals: Review and Recommendations |
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1999 |
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Volume 28 |
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33-74 |
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Academic Press |
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Peter J.B. Slater, J.S.R., Charles T. Snowden and Timothy J. Roper |
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0065-3454 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4987 |
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Hedrick, P.W.; Parker, K.M.; Miller, E.L.; Miller, P.S. |
| Title |
Major Histocompatibility Complex Variation in the Endangered Przewalski's Horse |
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Journal Article |
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1999 |
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Genetics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Genetics |
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152 |
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4 |
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1701-1710 |
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The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a fundamental part of the vertebrate immune system, and the high variability in many MHC genes is thought to play an essential role in recognition of parasites. The Przewalski's horse is extinct in the wild and all the living individuals descend from 13 founders, most of whom were captured around the turn of the century. One of the primary genetic concerns in endangered species is whether they have ample adaptive variation to respond to novel selective factors. In examining 14 Przewalski's horses that are broadly representative of the living animals, we found six different class II DRB major histocompatibility sequences. The sequences showed extensive nonsynonymous variation, concentrated in the putative antigen-binding sites, and little synonymous variation. Individuals had from two to four sequences as determined by single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. On the basis of the SSCP data, phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences, and segregation in a family group, we conclude that four of these sequences are from one gene (although one sequence codes for a nonfunctional allele because it contains a stop codon) and two other sequences are from another gene. The position of the stop codon is at the same amino-acid position as in a closely related sequence from the domestic horse. Because other organisms have extensive variation at homologous loci, the Przewalski's horse may have quite low variation in this important adaptive region. N1 - |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5043 |
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Hopster, H.; van der Werf, J.T.; Erkens, J.H.; Blokhuis, H.J. |
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Effects of repeated jugular puncture on plasma cortisol concentrations in loose-housed dairy cows |
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1999 |
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Journal of Animal Science |
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J Anim. Sci |
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77 |
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3 |
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708-714 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5486 |
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