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Author |
Madigan, J.E.; Bell, S.A. |
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Title |
Owner survey of headshaking in horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Am Vet Med Assoc |
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Volume |
219 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
334-337 |
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Keywords  |
Animals; Anti-Allergic Agents/*therapeutic use; *Behavior, Animal/drug effects; Cyproheptadine/*therapeutic use; Data Collection; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Horse Diseases/diagnosis/drug therapy/*etiology; Horses; Humans; Male; Questionnaires; Seasons |
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Abstract |
OBJECTIVE: To determine signalment, history, clinical signs, duration, seasonality, and response to various treatments reported by owners for headshaking in horses. DESIGN: Owner survey. ANIMALS: 109 horses with headshaking. PROCEDURE: Owners of affected horses completed a survey questionnaire. RESULTS: 78 affected horses were geldings, 29 were mares, and 2 were stallions. Mean age of onset was 9 years. Headshaking in 64 horses had a seasonal component, and for most horses, headshaking began in spring and ceased in late summer or fall. The most common clinical signs were shaking the head in a vertical plane, acting like an insect was flying up the nostril, snorting excessively, rubbing the muzzle on objects, having an anxious expression while headshaking, worsening of clinical signs with exposure to sunlight, and improvement of clinical signs at night. Treatment with antihistamines, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, antimicrobials, fly control, chiropractic, and acupuncture had limited success. Sixty-one horses had been treated with cyproheptadine; 43 had moderate to substantial improvement. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Headshaking may have many causes. A large subset of horses have similar clinical signs including shaking the head in a vertical plane, acting as if an insect were flying up the nostrils, and rubbing the muzzle on objects. Seasonality and worsening of clinical signs with exposure to light are also common features of this syndrome. Geldings and Thoroughbreds appear to be overrepresented. Cyproheptadine treatment was beneficial in more than two thirds of treated horses. |
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Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA |
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0003-1488 |
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PMID:11497047 |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
1916 |
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Author |
Forbes, A.B. |
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Title |
A review of regional and temporal use of avermectins in cattle and horses worldwide |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Veterinary Parasitology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Vet Parasitol |
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Volume |
48 |
Issue |
1-4 |
Pages |
19-28 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Anthelmintics/therapeutic use; Arthropods; Cattle; Cattle Diseases/drug therapy/*prevention & control; Ectoparasitic Infestations/drug therapy/prevention & control/veterinary; Horse Diseases/drug therapy/*prevention & control; Horses; Insecticides; Ivermectin/*analogs & derivatives/*therapeutic use; Nematode Infections/drug therapy/prevention & control/veterinary; Parasitic Diseases/drug therapy/prevention & control; *Parasitic Diseases, Animal |
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Abstract |
Ivermectin and abamectin are two members of the group of parasiticides known as the avermectins; ivermectin was first registered as an injectable treatment for cattle in 1981. Since then, abamectin has been registered for cattle and ivermectin for horses. The relative popularity of the avermectins amongst farmers and veterinarians can be attributed to their spectrum of activity, convenience, wide margin of safety and the improved health and performance of stock following their use. Patterns of use in grazing animals apply equally to the avermectins as to other antiparasitics, particularly anthelmintics; these are based on a knowledge of epidemiology integrated with practical management considerations. For cattle, programs are commonly aimed at control of abomasal nematodes of the genera Ostertagia and Haemonchus. Use of avermectins is largely strategic in cattle, treatments being favored at the end of the period of transmission of these parasites; this frequently coincides with housing, entry into a feedlot or movement to another pasture. Simultaneous control of important ectoparasites at this time is an added benefit. Prophylactic use of avermectins at pasture is primarily targeted at the young first season grazing animal. In horses, a bimonthly treatment schedule during the period of risk has proved effective in helping prevent adverse effects of the main target parasites, including large and small strongyles and stomach bots. These patterns of use can be applied to the evaluation of the potential for avermectin residues in feces to have impact on pasture ecology. The evidence presented suggests that any effects are temporally and spatially limited. After more than a decade of practical use, there is no indication that avermectins have had a significant impact on pasture ecology and the environment. |
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MERCK AgVet, Rahway, NJ 07065-0912 |
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0304-4017 |
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PMID:8346632 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2665 |
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Author |
Loyola, E.G.; Rodriguez, M.H.; Gonzalez, L.; Arredondo, J.I.; Bown, D.N.; Vaca, M.A. |
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Title |
Effect of indoor residual spraying of DDT and bendiocarb on the feeding patterns of Anopheles pseudopunctipennis in Mexico |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Am Mosq Control Assoc |
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Volume |
6 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
635-640 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Anopheles/*physiology; *Carbamates; Cattle; *Ddt; Ecology; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Feeding Behavior/*drug effects; Horses; Humans; Insect Vectors; Insecticide Resistance; *Insecticides; Mexico; *Phenylcarbamates; Seasons |
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Intense and persistent use of DDT for malaria control has increased resistance and induced exophilic behavior of Anopheles pseudopunctipennis. An evaluation of bendiocarb and DDT to control this species in Sinaloa, Mexico, showed that, in spite of DDT-resistance, both insecticides produced similar effects. Feeding patterns were analyzed to explain these results. Resting mosquitoes were collected over the dry and wet seasons. Anophelines were tested in an ELISA to determine the source of the meals. The human blood index (HBI) ranged from 3.3 to 6.8% in DDT- and from 12.7 to 26.9% in bendiocarb-sprayed houses. Irritability and repellency in DDT-sprayed houses could explain the reduced HBI. In contrast, bendiocarb produced higher mortality. These effects could have affected different components of the vectorial capacity and similarly reduced malaria. |
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Center for Malaria Research, Chiapas, Mexico |
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8756-971X |
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Notes |
PMID:2098469 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2671 |
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Author |
Turner, J.W.J.; Kirkpatrick, J.F. |
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Title |
Androgens, behaviour and fertility control in feral stallions |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1982 |
Publication |
Journal of reproduction and fertility. Supplement |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Reprod Fertil Suppl |
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Volume |
32 |
Issue |
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Pages |
79-87 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Animals, Wild; Copulation/drug effects; Female; *Fertility/drug effects; Horses/*physiology; Male; Periodicity; Pregnancy; Seasons; *Sexual Behavior, Animal/drug effects; Sexual Maturation; Sperm Count; Sperm Motility/drug effects; Testosterone/*blood/pharmacology |
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Abstract |
This field study of feral stallions in Montana and Idaho examines and correlates the seasonal pattern of plasma androgens and specific sociosexual behaviour and reports the effect of a long-acting androgenic steroid on this behaviour and on fertility. Plasma testosterone was measured by competitive protein binding assay in samples obtained by jugular venepuncture from captured animals. In samples taken from 34 sexually mature stallions in 6 different months during the year, a definite seasonal pattern in testosterone was present, with a peak in May (3.04 +/- 0.63 ng/ml) and a nadir in December (1.55 +/- 0.34 ng/ml). Values were less than 2.0 ng/ml in non-breeding months and greater than 2.4 ng/ml in breeding months. Behavioural endpoints measured were (1) stallion scent marking in response to elimination by mares (elimination marking), (2) mounting and (3) copulation. The frequencies of each of these endpoints followed closely the seasonal pattern seen for plasma androgens. In the fertility study microcapsulated testosterone propionate (microTP) was administered i.m. to 10 harem stud stallions 3 months before the 1980 breeding season. In these stallions and in 10 control harem studs, the above behavioural endpoints were examined in the 1980 and 1981 breeding seasons, and foal counts were made in 1981. There were no direct inhibitory or stimulatory effects of microTP treatment on any of the behavioural endpoints in either year. In 1981 foals were produced in 87.5% of the control bands and 28.4% of the microTP-treated bands. These results indicate that microencapsulated testosterone propionate can provide effective fertility control in feral horses without causing significant alterations in sociosexual behaviour. |
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0449-3087 |
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Notes |
PMID:6962905 |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
138 |
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Author |
Domjan, M. |
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Title |
Selective suppression of drinking during a limited period following aversive drug treatment in rats |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1977 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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Volume |
3 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
66-76 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Avoidance Learning; Awareness; Conditioning, Operant; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drinking Behavior/*drug effects; Lithium/*poisoning; Male; Osmolar Concentration; Rats; Saccharin/administration & dosage; *Taste; Time Factors |
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Abstract |
Administration of lithium chloride disrupted the intake of flavored solutions but not water in rats. This intake suppression was directly related to the amount of lithium administered (Experiment 1), occurred with both palatable and unpalatable novel saccharin solutions (Experiment 2), but was only observed if subjects were tested starting less than 75 min. after lithium treatment (Experiment 3). Twenty-five daily exposures to saccharin did not attenuate the effect (Experiment 4). However, in saccharin-reared and vinegar-reared rats, lithium did not disrupt consumption of the solutions these subjects had access to throughout life, even though suppressions of intake were observed when these subjects were tested with novel flavors (Experiment 5). The selective disruption of drinking is interpreted as a novelty-dependent sensitization reaction to the discomfort of aversive drug administration. |
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English |
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ISSN |
0097-7403 |
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Notes |
PMID:845544 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2788 |
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Author |
Doherty, T.J.; Frazier, D.L. |
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Title |
Effect of intravenous lidocaine on halothane minimum alveolar concentration in ponies |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Equine veterinary journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
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Volume |
30 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
300-303 |
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Keywords |
Anesthetics/administration & dosage/blood/*pharmacology; Anesthetics, Inhalation/administration & dosage/*analysis; Animals; Consciousness/drug effects; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Halothane/administration & dosage/*analysis; Horses/*physiology; Infusions, Intravenous/veterinary; Lidocaine/administration & dosage/blood/*pharmacology; Male |
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Abstract |
This study investigated the effect of lidocaine i.v. on halothane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) in ponies. Six ponies were anaesthetised with thiopentone and succinylcholine, intubated and anaesthesia maintained with halothane. Ventilation was controlled and blood pressure maintained within clinically acceptable limits. Following a 2 h equilibration period, baseline halothane MAC was determined. The ponies were then given a loading dose of lidocaine (2.5 or 5 mg/kg bwt) or saline over 5 min, followed by a constant infusion of lidocaine (50 or 100 microg/kg/min, or saline, respectively). The halothane MAC was redetermined after a 60 min infusion of lidocaine or saline. The baseline halothane MAC for the control group was mean +/- s.d. 0.94 +/- 0.03%, and no significant decrease occurred following saline infusion. Lidocaine decreased halothane MAC in a dose-dependent fashion (r = 0.86; P < 0.0003). The results indicate that i.v. lidocaine may have a role in equine anaesthesia. |
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Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville 37901-1071, USA |
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0425-1644 |
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Notes |
PMID:9705112 |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
95 |
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Author |
Lees, P.; Tavernor, W.D. |
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Title |
Influence of halothane and catecholamines on heart rate and rhythm in the horse |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1970 |
Publication |
British journal of pharmacology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Br J Pharmacol |
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Volume |
39 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
149-159 |
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Keywords |
Anesthesia, Inhalation; Animals; Arrhythmia/*chemically induced; Atropine/pharmacology; Catecholamines/*pharmacology; Consciousness; Epinephrine/administration & dosage; Ethers; Female; Halothane/*pharmacology; Heart Rate/*drug effects; Horses; Hypercapnia/physiopathology; Isoproterenol/pharmacology; Male; Norepinephrine/pharmacology; Propranolol/pharmacology |
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0007-1188 |
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Notes |
PMID:5420092 |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
103 |
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Author |
Spadavecchia, C.; Arendt-Nielsen, L.; Spadavecchia, L.; Mosing, M.; Auer, U.; van den Hoven, R. |
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Title |
Effects of butorphanol on the withdrawal reflex using threshold, suprathreshold and repeated subthreshold electrical stimuli in conscious horses |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia |
Abbreviated Journal |
Vet Anaesth Analg |
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Volume |
34 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
48-58 |
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Keywords |
Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology; Animals; Butorphanol/*pharmacology; Consciousness; Electric Stimulation; Electromyography; Female; Forelimb/physiology; Horses/*physiology; Male; Pain/veterinary; Pain Threshold/*drug effects; Reflex/*drug effects |
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Abstract |
OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of a single intravenous dose of butorphanol (0.1 mg kg(-1)) on the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) using threshold, suprathreshold and repeated subthreshold electrical stimuli in conscious horses. STUDY DESIGN: 'Unblinded', prospective experimental study. ANIMALS: Ten adult horses, five geldings and five mares, mean body mass 517 kg (range 487-569 kg). METHODS: The NWR was elicited using single transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the palmar digital nerve. Repeated stimulations were applied to evoke temporal summation. Surface electromyography was performed to record and quantify the responses of the common digital extensor muscle to stimulation and behavioural reactions were scored. Before butorphanol administration and at fixed time points up to 2 hours after injection, baseline threshold intensities for NWR and temporal summation were defined and single suprathreshold stimulations applied. Friedman repeated-measures analysis of variance on ranks and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used with the Student-Newman-Keul's method applied post-hoc. The level of significance (alpha) was set at 0.05. RESULTS: Butorphanol did not modify either the thresholds for NWR and temporal summation or the reaction scores, but the difference between suprathreshold and threshold reflex amplitudes was reduced when single stimulation was applied. Upon repeated stimulation after butorphanol administration, a significant decrease in the relative amplitude was calculated for both the 30-80 and the 80-200 millisecond intervals after each stimulus, and for the whole post-stimulation interval in the right thoracic limb. In the left thoracic limb a decrease in the relative amplitude was found only in the 30-80 millisecond epoch. CONCLUSION: Butorphanol at 0.1 mg kg(-1) has no direct action on spinal Adelta nociceptive activity but may have some supraspinal effects that reduce the gain of the nociceptive system. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Butorphanol has minimal effect on sharp immediate Adelta-mediated pain but may alter spinal processing and decrease the delayed sensations of pain. |
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Address |
Anesthesiology Section, Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland. claudia.spadavecchia@veths.no |
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1467-2987 |
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Notes |
PMID:17238962 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
92 |
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Author |
Tobin, T.; Combie, J.D. |
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Title |
Performance testing in horses: a review of the role of simple behavioral models in the design of performance experiments |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1982 |
Publication |
Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Vet Pharmacol Ther |
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Volume |
5 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
105-118 |
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Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology; Animals; Apomorphine/pharmacology; Behavior, Animal/*drug effects; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fentanyl/pharmacology; Horses/*physiology; Methylphenidate/pharmacology; *Models, Biological; Motor Activity/drug effects |
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0140-7783 |
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Notes |
PMID:6125601 |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
1957 |
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Author |
Kristiansen, K.K.; Kold, S.E. |
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Title |
Multivariable analysis of factors influencing outcome of 2 treatment protocols in 128 cases of horses responding positively to intra-articular analgesia of the distal interphalangeal joint |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
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Volume |
39 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
150-156 |
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Keywords |
Analgesia/methods/*veterinary; Anesthesia, Local/methods/veterinary; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use; Female; Foot Diseases/drug therapy/prevention & control/*veterinary; Glycosaminoglycans/therapeutic use; Horse Diseases/*drug therapy/prevention & control; Horses; Injections, Intra-Articular/*veterinary; Joint Diseases/drug therapy/prevention & control/veterinary; Lameness, Animal/drug therapy/prevention & control; Male; Methylprednisolone/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use; Multivariate Analysis; Pain/prevention & control/veterinary; Retrospective Studies; Time Factors; *Toe Joint/drug effects/pathology; Treatment Outcome |
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Abstract |
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: There is limited knowledge available of factors influencing response to treatments of the DIP-joint in horses with lameness responding to diagnostic analgesia of the DIP-joint. For this reason a multivariable statistical analysis was performed. HYPOTHESIS: Horses with lameness reduced by > or = 75% 10 min after intra-articular analgesia of the DIP-joint, can be treated successfully by intra-articular medication of the joint. Multiple factors influence the response to treatment. METHODS: The study was performed retrospectively based on clinical records of horses treated with either polysulphated glycosaminoglycan (PSGAG) or methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) in the DIP-joint between January 1996 and January 2003. Information was collected from clinical records and from the owners of the horses via a detailed questionnaire, in which they described their perception of the outcome a minimum of one year after treatment. Allocation of the horses to the 2 treatment groups was done mainly because of a change in treatment policy. In Regime A all horses received 3 intra-articular injections of PSGAG approximately 8 days apart, whereas in Regime B all horses received a single intra-articular injection of MPA as a first treatment. If the horse did not improve sufficiently to return to work by 4 weeks, a series of 3 intra-articular PSGAG injections was administered. RESULTS: Of the horses receiving Regime A, 67% had a successful outcome, compared with 46% of the group receiving Regime B. A significantly better result was obtained in dressage horses than in jumping horses (eventing and showjumping). Other variables such as age, duration of lameness, distribution of lameness, degree of lameness, response to DIP-joint analgesia and radiographic observations were also associated with success of treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: There is a rationale for using either PSGAG or MPA intra-articularly in the treatment of lameness, reduced > or = 75% within 10 min of analgesia of the DIP-joint. |
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Address |
Willesley Equine Clinic Ltd., Tetbury, Gloucestershire, GL8 8QU UK |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
English |
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0425-1644 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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Notes |
PMID:17378444 |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3707 |
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