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	Author	Branchi, I.; Bichler, Z.; Berger-Sweeney, J.; Ricceri, L.
	Title	Animal models of mental retardation: from gene to cognitive function			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews	Abbreviated Journal	Neurosci Biobehav Rev
	Volume	27	Issue	1-2	Pages	141-153
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified/growth & development; Behavior/physiology; Behavior, Animal; Brain/growth & development; Cognition/physiology; Disease Models, Animal; Environment; Genes; Genetic Diseases, Inborn/physiopathology; Humans; Mental Retardation/classification/genetics/*physiopathology
	Abstract	About 2-3% of all children are affected by mental retardation, and genetic conditions rank among the leading causes of mental retardation. Alterations in the information encoded by genes that regulate critical steps of brain development can disrupt the normal course of development, and have profound consequences on mental processes. Genetically modified mouse models have helped to elucidate the contribution of specific gene alterations and gene-environment interactions to the phenotype of several forms of mental retardation. Mouse models of several neurodevelopmental pathologies, such as Down and Rett syndromes and X-linked forms of mental retardation, have been developed. Because behavior is the ultimate output of brain, behavioral phenotyping of these models provides functional information that may not be detectable using molecular, cellular or histological evaluations. In particular, the study of ontogeny of behavior is recommended in mouse models of disorders having a developmental onset. Identifying the role of specific genes in neuropathologies provides a framework in which to understand key stages of human brain development, and provides a target for potential therapeutic intervention.
	Address	Section of Behavioural Pathophysiology, Laboratorio di Fisiopatologia di Organo e di Sistema, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy. branchi@iss.it
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0149-7634	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12732230			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2805
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	Author	Santos, L.R.; Miller, C.T.; Hauser, M.D.
	Title	Representing tools: how two non-human primate species distinguish between the functionally relevant and irrelevant features of a tool			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	6	Issue	4	Pages	269-281
	Keywords	Animals; Discrimination Learning; Female; Form Perception/physiology; Habituation, Psychophysiologic/physiology; Imitative Behavior; Macaca mulatta/growth & development/psychology; Male; Motor Skills; Practice (Psychology); Saguinus/growth & development/*psychology; Species Specificity
	Abstract	Few studies have examined whether non-human tool-users understand the properties that are relevant for a tool's function. We tested cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) on an expectancy violation procedure designed to assess whether these species make distinctions between the functionally relevant and irrelevant features of a tool. Subjects watched an experimenter use a tool to push a grape down a ramp, and then were presented with different displays in which the features of the original tool (shape, color, orientation) were selectively varied. Results indicated that both species looked longer when a newly shaped stick acted on the grape than when a newly colored stick performed the same action, suggesting that both species perceive shape as a more salient transformation than color. In contrast, tamarins, but not rhesus, attended to changes in the tool's orientation. We propose that some non-human primates begin with a predisposition to attend to a tool's shape and, with sufficient experience, develop a more sophisticated understanding of the features that are functionally relevant to tools.
	Address	Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. laurie.santos@yale.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12736800			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2570
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	Author	Hoff, M.P.; Nadler, R.D.; Maple, T.L.
	Title	Development of infant independence in a captive group of lowland gorillas			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1981	Publication	Developmental Psychobiology	Abbreviated Journal	Dev Psychobiol
	Volume	14	Issue	3	Pages	251-265
	Keywords	Animals; Dependency (Psychology); Female; Gorilla gorilla/growth & development; Male; Maternal Behavior; *Personality; Sex Factors; Social Behavior; Weaning
	Abstract	In March 1976, 3 lowlands gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) were born to primiparous females living with an adult male in a large compound at the field station of the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center of Emory University. Observations of parent and infant behavior began at the birth of the infants, using several methods of data collection. This report focuses on the development of independence in these infants over the 1st 1 1/2 years of life. As expected, measures of mother-infant contact and proximity decreased with age. Several measures suggested that infant independence developed as an interactive process between mothers and infants, with primary responsibility changing over the months of study. Maternal behaviors that served to maintain mother-infant contact were found to decrease with age, with an eventual shift to infant responsibility for contact maintenance. Additionally, the adult male appeared to influence developing independence as reflected in the maternal protectiveness evoked by his behavior.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0012-1630	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:7262467			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4170
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	Author	La Riviere, J.W.
	Title	Ecology of yeasts in the kefir grain			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1969	Publication	Antonie van Leeuwenhoek	Abbreviated Journal	Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek
	Volume	35	Issue		Pages	Suppl:D15-6
	Keywords	Animals; Dairy Products; Food Microbiology; Horses; Lactobacillus/growth & development/isolation & purification; Mitosporic Fungi/growth & development/isolation & purification; Saccharomyces/*growth & development/isolation & purification; Symbiosis
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6072	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:5311957			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2741
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	Author	Sousa, C.; Okamoto, S.; Matsuzawa, T.
	Title	Behavioural development in a matching-to-sample task and token use by an infant chimpanzee reared by his mother			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	6	Issue	4	Pages	259-267
	Keywords	Animals; Cognition; Discrimination Learning; Female; Imitative Behavior; Male; Mothers/psychology; Pan troglodytes/growth & development/psychology; *Transfer (Psychology)
	Abstract	We investigated the behavioural and cognitive development of a captive male infant chimpanzee, Ayumu, raised by his mother, Ai. Here we report Ayumu's achievements up to the age of 2 years and 3 months, in the context of complex computer-controlled tasks. From soon after birth, Ayumu had been present during an experiment performed by his mother. The task consisted of two phases, a matching-to-sample task in which she received token rewards, and the insertion of these tokens into a vending machine to obtain food rewards. Ayumu himself received no reward or encouragement from humans for any of the actions he exhibited during the experiment. At the age of 9 months and 3 weeks, Ayumu performed his first matching-to-sample trial. At around 1 year and 3 months, he began to perform them consistently. Also during this period, he frequently stole food rewards from his mother. At 2 years and 3 months, Ayumu succeeded for the first time in inserting a token into the vending machine. Once he had succeeded in using a token, he performed both phases of the task in sequence 20 times consecutively. The infant's behaviour was not shaped by food rewards but by a strong motivation to copy his mother's behaviour. Our observations of Ayumu thus mirror the learning processes shown by wild chimpanzees.
	Address	Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama Aichi 484-8506, Japan. csousa@fcsh.unl.pt
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:13680400			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2556
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	Author	Mouritsen, K.N.
	Title	Hitch-hiking parasite: a dark horse may be the real rider			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	International Journal for Parasitology	Abbreviated Journal	Int J Parasitol
	Volume	31	Issue	13	Pages	1417-1420
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Ecology; Host-Parasite Relations; Snails/parasitology; Trematoda/growth & development/*physiology; Trematode Infections/transmission
	Abstract	Many parasites engaged in complex life cycles manipulate their hosts in a way that facilitates transmission between hosts. Recently, a new category of parasites (hitch-hikers) has been identified that seem to exploit the manipulating effort of other parasites with similar life cycle by preferentially infecting hosts already manipulated. Thomas et al. (Evolution 51 (1997) 1316) showed that the digenean trematodes Microphallus papillorobustus (the manipulator) and Maritrema subdolum (the hitch-hiker) were positively associated in field samples of gammarid amphipods (the intermediate host), and that the behaviour of Maritrema subdolum rendered it more likely to infect manipulated amphipods than those uninfected by M. papillorobustus. Here I provide experimental evidence demonstrating that M. subdolum is unlikely to be a hitch-hiker in the mentioned system, whereas the lucky candidate rather is the closely related but little known species, Microphallidae sp. no. 15 (Parassitologia 22 (1980) 1). As opposed to the latter species, Maritrema subdolum does not express the appropriate cercarial behaviour for hitch-hiking.
	Address	Department of Marine Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Aarhus, Finlandsgade 14, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark. kim.mouritsen@stonebow.otago.ac.nz
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0020-7519	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11595227			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2645
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	Author	Cowley, J.J.; Griesel, R.D.
	Title	The effect on growth and behaviour of rehabilitating first and second generation low protein rats			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1966	Publication	Animal Behaviour.	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Behav.
	Volume	14	Issue	4	Pages	506-517
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Diet Therapy; Dietary Proteins; Female; Growth; Humans; Intelligence; Learning; Male; Mental Retardation/etiology; Protein Deficiency/*therapy; Rats
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-3472	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:6008473			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4119
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	Author	Nocera, J.J.; Forbes, G.J.; Giraldeau, L.-A.
	Title	Inadvertent social information in breeding site selection of natal dispersing birds			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Proceedings. Biological Sciences / The Royal Society	Abbreviated Journal	Proc Biol Sci
	Volume	273	Issue	1584	Pages	349-355
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Breeding; Environment; Female; Logistic Models; Male; Songbirds/growth & development/physiology
	Abstract	Several species use the number of young produced as public information (PI) to assess breeding site quality. PI is inaccessible for synchronously breeding birds because nests are empty by the time the young can collect this information. We investigate if location cues are the next best source of inadvertent social information (ISI) used by young prospectors during breeding site choice. We experimentally deployed ISI as decoys and song playbacks of breeding males in suitable and sub-optimal habitats during pre- and post-breeding periods, and monitored territory establishment during the subsequent breeding season for a social, bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus), and a more solitary species, Nelson's sharp-tailed sparrow (Ammodramus nelsoni). The sparrows did not respond to treatments, but bobolinks responded strongly to post-breeding location cues, irrespective of habitat quality. The following year, 17/20 sub-optimal plots to which bobolink males were recruited were defended for at least two weeks, indicating that song heard the previous year could exert a “carry-over attraction” effect on conspecifics the following year. Sixteen recruited males were natal dispersers, as expected when animals have little opportunity to directly sample their natal habitat quality. We suggest that differences in breeding synchronicity may induce an equivalent clinal distribution of ISI use.
	Address	Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Bag Service #45111, Fredericton, NB E3B 6E1, Canada. j.nocera@unb.ca
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0962-8452	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16543178			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2129
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	Author	Staniar, W.B.; Kronfeld, D.S.; Hoffman, R.M.; Wilson, J.A.; Harris, P.A.
	Title	Weight prediction from linear measures of growing Thoroughbreds			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Equine veterinary journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	36	Issue	2	Pages	149-154
	Keywords	Animal Nutrition Physiology; Animals; Biometry; Body Weight/physiology; Female; Horses/anatomy & histology/*growth & development; Male; Mathematics; Predictive Value of Tests; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity
	Abstract	REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Monitoring weight of foals is a useful management practice to aid in maximising athletic potential while minimising risks associated with deviations from normal growth. OBJECTIVE: To develop predictive equations for weight, based on linear measurements of growing Thoroughbreds (TBs). METHODS: Morphometric equations predicting weight from measurements of the trunk and legs were developed from data of 153 foals. The accuracy, precision and bias of the best fitting equation were compared to published equations using a naive data set of 22 foals. RESULTS: Accuracy and precision were maximised with a broken line relating calculated volumes (V(t + l)) to measured weights. Use of the broken line is a 2 step process. V(t + l) is calculated from linear measures (m) of girth (G), carpus circumference (C), and length of body (B) and left forelimb (F). V(t + I) = ([G2 x B] + 4[C2 x F]) 4pi. If V(t + l) < 0.27 m3, weight is estimated: Weight (kg) = V(t + l) x 1093. If V(t + l) > or = 0.27 m3: Weight (kg) = V(t + l) x 984 + 24. The broken line was more accurate and precise than 3 published equations predicting the weight of young TBs. CONCLUSIONS: Estimation of weight using morphometric equations requires attention to temporal changes in body shape and density; hence, a broken line is needed. Including calculated leg volume in the broken line model is another contributing factor to improvement in predictive capability. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: The broken line maximises its value to equine professionals through its accuracy, precision and convenience.
	Address	Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0306, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15038438			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1806
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	Author	Swanson, J.C.
	Title	Farm animal well-being and intensive production systems			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Journal of Animal Science	Abbreviated Journal	J. Anim Sci.
	Volume	73	Issue	9	Pages	2744-2751
	Keywords	Animal Husbandry/legislation & jurisprudence/standards; Animal Rights/legislation & jurisprudence/standards; Animal Welfare/legislation & jurisprudence/standards; Animals; Animals, Domestic/growth & development/physiology; Breeding/legislation & jurisprudence/*standards; Cattle; Chickens; Environment; Reproduction/physiology; Sheep; Swine
	Abstract	Animal welfare, or well-being, is a social issue with ethical, scientific, political, and aesthetic properties. Answering questions about the welfare of animals requires scientific definition, assessment, solutions, and public acceptance. With respect to the actual well-being of the animal, most issues are centered on how the animal “feels” when managed within a specific level of confinement, during special agricultural practices (e.g., tail docking, beak trimming, etc.) and handling. Questions of this nature may require exploration of animal cognition, motivation, perception, and emotional states in addition to more commonly recognized indicators of well-being. Several general approaches have emerged for solving problems concerning animal well-being in intensive production systems: environmental, genetic, and therapeutic. Environmental approaches involve modifying existing systems to accommodate specific welfare concerns or development of alternative systems. Genetic approaches involve changing the behavioral and (or) physiological nature of the animal to reduce or eliminate behaviors that are undesirable within intensive system. Therapeutic approaches of a physical (tail docking, beak trimming) and physiological (drug and nutritional therapy) nature bring both concern and promise with regard to the reduction of confinement stress. Finally, the recent focus on commodity quality assurance programs may indirectly provide benefits for animal well-being. Although research in the area of animal well-being will provide important information for better animal management, handling, care, and the physical design of intensive production systems there is still some uncertainty regarding public acceptance. The aesthetics of modern intensive production systems may have as much to do with public acceptance as with science.
	Address	Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8812	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8582867			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2752
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