| Records |
| Author |
Van Doorn G.S.; Hengeveld G.M.; Weissing F.J. |
| Title |
The Evolution of Social Dominance I: Two-player Models |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behavior |
| Volume |
140 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
1305-1332 |
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| Abstract |
A difference in dominance rank is an often-used cue to resolve conflicts between two animals without escalated fights. At the group level, adherence to a dominance convention efficiently reduces the costs associated with conflicts, but from an individual's point of view, it is difficult to explain why a low ranking individual should accept its subordinate status. This is especially true if, as suggested by several authors, dominance not necessarily reflects differences in fighting ability but rather results from arbitrary historical asymmetries. According to this idea, rank differentiation emerges from behavioural strategies, referred to as winner and loser effects, in which winners of previous conflicts are more likely to win the current conflict, whereas the losers of previous conflicts are less likely to do so. In order to investigate whether dominance, based on such winner and loser effects, can be evolutionarily stable, we analyse a game theoretical model. The model focuses on an extreme case in which there are no differences in fighting ability between individuals at all. The only asymmetries that may arise between individuals are generated by the outcome of previous conflicts. By means of numerical analysis, we find alternative evolutionarily stable strategies, which all utilize these asymmetries for conventional conflict resolution. One class of these strategies is based on winner and loser effects, thus generating evolutionarily stable dominance relations even in the absence of differences in resource holding potential. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5105 |
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| Author |
Van Doorn G.S.; Hengeveld G.M.; Weissing F.J. |
| Title |
The Evolution of Social Dominance II: Multi-Player Models |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behavior |
| Volume |
140 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
1333-1358 |
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| Abstract |
The social hierarchies observed in natural systems often show a high degree of transitivity. Transitive hierarchies do not only require rank differentiation within pairs of individuals but also a higher level ordering of relations within the group. Several authors have suggested that the formation of linear hierarchies at the group level is an emergent property of individual behavioural rules, referred to as winner and loser effects. Winner and loser effects occur if winners of previous conflicts are more likely to escalate the current conflict, whereas the losers of previous conflicts are less likely to do so. According to this idea, an individual's position in a hierarchy may not necessarily reflect its fighting ability, but may rather result from arbitrary historical asymmetries, in particular the history of victories and defeats. However, if this is the case, it is difficult to explain from an evolutionary perspective why a low ranking individual should accept its subordinate status. Here we present a game theoretical model to investigate whether winner and loser effects giving rise to transitive hierarchies can evolve and under which conditions they are evolutionarily stable. The main version of the model focuses on an extreme case in which there are no intrinsic differences in fighting ability between individuals. The only asymmetries that may arise between individuals are generated by the outcome of previous conflicts. We show that, at evolutionary equilibrium, these asymmetries can be utilized for conventional conflict resolution. Several evolutionarily stable strategies are based on winner and loser effects and these strategies give rise to transitive hierarchies. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5106 |
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| Author |
Camazine, S.; Deneubourg, J.L.; Franks, N.R.; Sneyd, J.; Theraula, G.; Bonabeau, E. |
| Title |
Self-Organization in Biological Systems |
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Book Whole |
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2003 |
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Princeton University Press |
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Princeton |
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978-0691116242 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5143 |
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Schaller, G.B: |
| Title |
The Mountain Gorilla: Ecology and Behaviour. |
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Journal Article |
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1964 |
Publication |
Oryx |
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7 |
Issue |
05 |
Pages |
253-254 |
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Cambridge Journals Online |
Place of Publication |
Cambridge |
Editor |
Zuckerman, S |
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0030-6053 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5149 |
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| Author |
Schaller, G.B: |
| Title |
The Serengeti Lion: A Study of Predator-Prey Relations (Wildlife Behavior and Ecology series) |
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Book Whole |
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1976 |
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University Of Chicago Press |
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Chicago |
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978-0226736402 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5159 |
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| Author |
Eckardt, G.; Windhofer, A. |
| Title |
Untersuchung der Beanspruchung von Pferden während Isolation und beim Verladen |
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2004 |
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Master's thesis |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5190 |
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Ecker, C.; Marquand, A.; Mourao-Miranda, J.; Johnston, P.; Daly, E.M.; Brammer, M.J.; Maltezos, S.; Murphy, C.M.; Robertson, D.; Williams, S.C.; Murphy, D.G.M. |
| Title |
Describing the Brain in Autism in Five Dimensions--Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Assisted Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder Using a Multiparameter Classification Approach |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2010 |
Publication |
J. Neurosci. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Neurosci. |
| Volume |
30 |
Issue |
32 |
Pages |
10612-10623 |
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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition with multiple causes, comorbid conditions, and a wide range in the type and severity of symptoms expressed by different individuals. This makes the neuroanatomy of autism inherently difficult to describe. Here, we demonstrate how a multiparameter classification approach can be used to characterize the complex and subtle structural pattern of gray matter anatomy implicated in adults with ASD, and to reveal spatially distributed patterns of discriminating regions for a variety of parameters describing brain anatomy. A set of five morphological parameters including volumetric and geometric features at each spatial location on the cortical surface was used to discriminate between people with ASD and controls using a support vector machine (SVM) analytic approach, and to find a spatially distributed pattern of regions with maximal classification weights. On the basis of these patterns, SVM was able to identify individuals with ASD at a sensitivity and specificity of up to 90% and 80%, respectively. However, the ability of individual cortical features to discriminate between groups was highly variable, and the discriminating patterns of regions varied across parameters. The classification was specific to ASD rather than neurodevelopmental conditions in general (e.g., attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). Our results confirm the hypothesis that the neuroanatomy of autism is truly multidimensional, and affects multiple and most likely independent cortical features. The spatial patterns detected using SVM may help further exploration of the specific genetic and neuropathological underpinnings of ASD, and provide new insights into the most likely multifactorial etiology of the condition. |
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10.1523/Jneurosci.5413-09.2010 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5191 |
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| Author |
Zabel, C. J.; Glickman, S. E.; Frank, L. G.; Woodmansee, K. B.; Keppel, G. |
| Title |
Coalition formation in a colony of prepubertal spotted hyaenas |
Type |
Book Chapter |
| Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Coalitions and Alliances in Humans and Other Animals |
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Pages |
113–135 |
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Oxford University Press |
Place of Publication |
Oxford |
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Harcourt, A.H.; de Waal, F.B.M. |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5232 |
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| Author |
Borgatti, S.P., Everett, M.G., Freeman, L.C. |
| Title |
Ucinet for Windows: Software for Social Network Analysis |
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Journal Article |
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2002 |
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Analytic Technologies |
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Harvard, MA |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5239 |
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| Author |
Reebs, S.G. |
| Title |
Can a minority of informed leaders determine the foraging movements of a fish shoal? |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
59 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
403-409 |
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There is no information on whether the daily foraging movements of fish shoals are the result of chance, the collective will of all shoalmates, or the leadership of a few individuals. This study tested the latter possibility. Shoals of 12 golden shiners, Notemigonus crysoleucas, were trained to expect food around midday in one of the brightly lit corners of their tank. They displayed daily food-anticipatory activity by leaving the shady area of their tank and spending more and more time in the food corner up to the normal time of feeding. Past this normal time they remained in the shade, even on test days when no food was delivered. Most of these experienced individuals were then replaced by naïve ones. The resulting ratio of experienced:naïve fish could be 5:7, 3:9 or 1:11. On their own, naïve individuals would normally spend the whole day in the shade, but in all tests the experienced individual(s) were able to entrain these more numerous naïve fish out of the shade and into the brightly lit food corner at the right time of day. Entrainment was stronger in the 5:7 than in the 1:11 experiment. The test shoals never split up and were always led by the same fish, presumably the experienced individuals. These results indicate that in a strongly gregarious species, such as the golden shiner, a minority of informed individuals can lead a shoal to food, either through social facilitation of foraging movements or by eliciting following behaviour. |
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0003-3472 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5255 |
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