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Mohr,E.; Speed, J. G.(Designer); Goodall D.M..(Translator) (eds) |
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The Asiatic Wild Horse |
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Mohr,E.; Speed, J. G.(Designer); Goodall D.M..(Translator) |
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9780851310138 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2385 |
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Chapais, B.; Girard, M.; Primi, G. |
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Title |
Non-kin alliances, and the stability of matrilineal dominance relations in Japanese macaques |
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Journal Article |
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1991 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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41 |
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3 |
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481-491 |
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Alliances among kin play a major role in a female's acquisition of her mother's dominance rank in many species of cercopithecines. It is noteworthy, however, that kin rarely form coalitions to challenge females from higher-ranking matrilines, and that matrilineal hierarchies are remarkably stable. One possible reason for the rarity of destabilizing coalitions is that members of high-ranking matrilines form alliances against lower ranking ones. In this paper the patterning of aggressive support among non-kin, and its effect on the stability of rank relations are analysed in a captive group of Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata, composed of three unrelated matrilines. Analysis of the distribution of non-kin interventions in conflicts between matrilines over a 52-month period revealed a clear pattern of preferential support between the two dominant matrilines against the third-ranking one. This pattern was confirmed experimentally. Any member of the two dominant matrilines was unable, individually, to maintain its rank above the third-ranking matriline, but was able to do so in the presence of the other dominant matriline. Non-kin alliances appear to prevent subordinate females from challenging higher ranking females through revolutionary coalitions (formed among subordinates) or through bridging coalitions (formed among individuals ranking above and below the target). Non-kin support is interpreted in terms of cooperation versus reciprocal altruism. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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2863 |
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Boysen, S.T.; Himes, G.T. |
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Title |
Current Issues And Emerging Theories In Animal Cognition |
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1999 |
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Annual Review of Psychology |
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50 |
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1 |
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683-705 |
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Comparative cognition is an emerging interdisciplinary field with contributions from comparative psychology, cognitive/experimental and developmental psychology, animal learning, and ethology, and is poised to move toward greater understanding of animal and human information-processing, reasoning, memory, and the phylogenetic emergence of mind. This chapter highlights some current issues and discusses four areas within comparative cognition that are yielding new approaches and hypotheses for studying basic conceptual capacities in nonhuman species. These include studies of imitation, tool use, mirror self-recognition, and the potential for attribution of mental states by nonhuman animals. Though a very old question in psychology, the study of imitation continues to provide new avenues for examining the complex relationships among and between the levels of imitative behaviors exhibited by many species. Similarly, recent work in animal tool use, mirror self-recognition (with all its contentious issues), and recent attempts to empirically study the potential for attributional capacities in nonhumans, all continue to provide fresh insights and novel paradigms for addressing the defining characteristics of these complex phenomena. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Boysen1999 |
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2973 |
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Poletaeva, I.I.; Popova, N.V.; Romanova, L.G. |
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Title |
Genetic aspects of animal reasoning |
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1993 |
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Behavior Genetics |
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23 |
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5 |
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467-475 |
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This paper reviews the investigations of Prof. L. V. Krushinsky and his colleagues into the genetics of complex behaviors in mammals. The ability of animals to extrapolate the direction of a food stimulus movement was investigated in wild and domesticated foxes (including different fur-color mutants), wild brown rats, and laboratory rats and mice. Wild animals (raised in the laboratory) were shown to be superior to their respective domesticated forms on performance of the extrapolation task, especially in their scores for the first presentation, in which no previous experience could be used. Laboratory rats and mice demonstrated a low level of extrapolation performance. This means that only a few laboratory animals were capable of solving the task, i.e., the percentage of correct solutions was equivalent to chance. The brain weight selection program resulted in two mice strains with a 20% (90-mg) difference in brain weight. Ability to solve the extrapolation task was present in low-brain weight mice in generations 7-11 but declined with further selection. Investigation of extrapolation ability in mice with different chromosomal anomalies demonstrated that animals with Robertsonian translocations Rb(8,17) 1lem and Rb(8,17) 6Sic were capable of solving this task in a statistically significant majority of cases, while mice with fusion of other chromosomes, as well as CBA normal karyotype mice, performed no better than expected by chance. Mice with two types of partial trisomies and animals homo- and heterozygous for translocations were also tested. Although mice with T6 trisomy performed no better than expected by chance, animals with trisomy for a chromosome 17 fragment solved the task successfully. Thus, a genetic component underlying the ability to solve the extrapolation task was demonstrated in three animal species. The extrapolation task in animals is considered to reveal a general capacity for elementary reasoning. The genetic basis of this capacity is very complex. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3089 |
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Cook, R. G.; Tauro, T. L. |
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Title |
Object-goal positioning influences spatial representation in rats |
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1999 |
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Animal Cognition |
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Anim. Cogn. |
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2 |
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1 |
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55-62 |
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Three tests investigated how the geometric relation between object/landmarks and goals influenced spatial choice behavior in rats. Two groups searched for hidden food in an object-filled circular arena containing 24 small poles. For the “Proximal” group, four distinct objects in a square configuration were placed close to four baited poles. For the “Distal” group, the identical configuration of objects was rotated 45° relative to the poles containing the hidden food. The Proximal group learned to locate the baited poles more quickly than the Distal group. Tests with removed and rearranged landmarks indicated that the two groups learned to use the objects differently. The results suggested that close proximity of objects to goals encouraged their use as beacons, while greater distance of objects from goals resulted in the global encoding of the geometric properties of the arena and the use of the objects as landmarks. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3137 |
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Fiorito, G.; Biederman, G.B.; Davey, V.A.; Gherardi, F. |
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Title |
The role of stimulus preexposure in problem solving by Octopus vulgaris |
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1998 |
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Animal Cognition |
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Anim. Cogn. |
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1 |
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2 |
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107-112 |
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Octopus vulgaris is able to open transparent glass jars closed with plastic plugs and containing live crabs. The decrease in performance times for removing the plug and seizing the prey with increasing experience of the task has been taken to indicate learning. However, octopuses' attack behaviors are typically slow and variable in novel environmental situations. In this study the role of preexposure to selected features of the problem-solving context was investigated. Although octopuses failed to benefit from greater familiarity with the training context or with selected elements of the task of solving the jar problem, the methodological strategies used are instructive in potentially clarifying the role of complex problem-solving behaviors in this species including stimulus preexposure and social learning. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3198 |
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Galef Jr., B.G.; Whiskin, E.E. |
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Use of public information when foraging: effects of time available to sample foods |
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1999 |
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Animal Cognition |
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Anim. Cogn. |
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2 |
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2 |
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103-107 |
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It has been proposed that use of socially acquired information by animals should increase as the time available for individual resource sampling decreases. We gave Norway rat “observers” either 2 or 5 h day-1 to sample four foods. Three of these foods were relatively palatable, but protein-poor; the fourth was relatively unpalatable, but protein-rich. We found that observer rats that for 2 h day-1 both sampled foods and interacted with demonstrators eating only the protein-rich food ate more of the protein-rich food than did observers that sampled for 2 h day-1 but had no opportunity to interact with demonstrators. On the other hand, observer rats that could sample foods for 5 h day-1 ate equal amounts of protein-rich food whether they interacted with a demonstrator fed protein-rich food or not. Subsequent analyses showed that the time available to observers to sample foods, rather than the opportunity to interact with demonstrators determined whether such interaction influenced observers' food choices. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that animals increase their use of public information in response to temporal constraints on opportunities for resource sampling. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3215 |
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Author |
Beer C.G. |
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Trial and error in the evolution of cognition |
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1995 |
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Behavioural Processes |
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Behav. Process. |
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35 |
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215-224 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3455 |
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Bekoff,M; Allen, C; Burghardt, G. M. |
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The cognitive animal: Empirical and theoretical perspectives on animal cognition |
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2003 |
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Computers and Mathematics with Applications |
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46 |
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508-509 |
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The MIT Press |
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Cambridge, MA. |
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3496 |
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Murray, Martyn G.; Brown, David |
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Niche Separation of Grazing Ungulates in the Serengeti: An Experimental Test |
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1993 |
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The Journal of Animal Ecology |
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T. J. Anim. Ecol. |
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62 |
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2 |
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380-389 |
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1. The niche separation of three species of alcelaphine antelope (wildebeest, topi and hartebeest) with similar body size was compared by measuring bite weight, bite rate, intake rate and selectivity of tame animals in plots containing grass at different growth stages. 2. On growing swards, hartebeest had a smaller bite weight and lower intake rate, and were also less selective of green leaf, than either topi or wildebeest. On senescent swards, hartebeest were more selective of leaf than the other two species. 3. Wildebeest had a faster bite rate than either topi or hartebeest on swards with low biomass and high protein content of green leaf (green flush). Bite weight and intake rate of wildebeest and topi were similar despite the difference in breadth of their incisor rows. 4. Topi were significantly more selective of green leaf than the other two species and were the only species to maintain a rapid bite rate on swards with high green leaf biomass. 5. The feeding experiments did not reveal significant cross-overs between species in the rate of food intake on different grass types, but each species was most proficient either in leaf selection or bite rate when feeding on grass swards in a particular growth stage. We suggest that growth stage is a primary determinant of niche separation. 6. In Serengeti, grazing ungulates which migrate are specialists of the earlier growth stages of grass which tend to be transient, while those that are residential specialize on late growth stages which are more enduring. The mobility of species, and the spatial and temporal dynamics of pastures containing different growth stages of grass, contribute to niche separation. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3544 |
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