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Author Dugatkin, L.A.; Earley, R.L.
Title Group fusion: the impact of winner, loser, and bystander effects on hierarchy formation in large groups Type Journal Article
Year 2003 Publication Behavioral Ecology Abbreviated Journal Behav. Ecol.
Volume 14 Issue 3 Pages 367-373
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Abstract We present the results of a series of computer simulations that examined the impact of winner, loser, and bystander effects on hierarchy formation in fused groups. These effects and their implications for hierarchy structure and aggressive interactions were first examined in small four-member groups. Subsequent to this, the two small groups were fused into a single larger group. Further interactions took place in this fused group, generating a new hierarchy. Our models demonstrate clearly that winner, loser, and bystander effects strongly influence both the structure and types of interactions that emerge from the fusion of smaller groups. Four conditions produced results in which the same general patterns were uncovered in pre- and postfusion groups: (1) winner effects alone, (2) bystander loser effects alone, (3) winner and bystander winner effects operating simultaneously, and (4) all four effects in play simultaneously. Outside this parameter space, hierarchy structure and the nature of aggressive interactions differed in pre- and postfusion groups. When only loser effects were in play, one of the two clear alphas from the prefused groups dropped in rank in the eight-member fused group. When bystander winner effects were in play, it was difficult to rank any of the eight individuals in the fused group, and players interacted almost exclusively with those that were not in their original four-member group. When loser and bystander loser effects operated simultaneously, two top-ranking individuals emerged in the fused groups, but the relative rank of the other players was difficult to assign.
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Notes 10.1093/beheco/14.3.367 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 519
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Author FitzGibbon, C. D.
Title The costs and benefits of predator inspection behaviour in Thomson's gazelles Type Journal Article
Year 1994 Publication Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Abbreviated Journal Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
Volume 34 Issue 2 Pages 139-148
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Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 524
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Author Dugatkin, L.A.
Title Tendency to inspect predators predicts mortality risk in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) Type Journal Article
Year 1992 Publication Behavioral Ecology Abbreviated Journal Behav. Ecol.
Volume 3 Issue 2 Pages 124-127
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Abstract Although predator inspection behavior in fishes has become a model system for examining game theoretical strategies such as Tit for Tat, the direct costs of inspection behavior have not been quantified. To begin quantifying such costs, I conducted an experiment that examined mortality due to predation as a function of predator inspection in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Before being subjected to a “survivorship” experiment, guppies were assayed for their tendency to inspect a predator. Groups were then composed of six guppies that differed in their tendency to inspect. These groups were placed into a pool containing a predator, and survivorship of guppies with different inspection tendencies was noted 36 and 60 h later. Results indicate that individuals that display high degrees of inspection behavior suffer greater mortality than their noninspecting shoalmates.
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Notes 10.1093/beheco/3.2.124 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 526
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Author ANGLE M, et al
Title Androgenes in feral stallions Type Conference Volume
Year 1979 Publication Symposium on the Ecology and Behavior of wild and feral Equids Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 31-38
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Notes from Prof. Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 641
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Author Kavaliers, M.; Colwell, D.D.; Choleris, E.
Title Kinship, familiarity and social status modulate social learning about “micropredators” (biting flies) in deer mice Type Journal Article
Year 2005 Publication Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Abbreviated Journal Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
Volume 58 Issue 1 Pages 60-71
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Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 710
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Author R. A. J. Taylor
Title The Behavioural Basis of Redistribution I. The Delta -Model Concept Type Journal Article
Year 1981 Publication The Journal of Animal Ecology Abbreviated Journal T. J. Anim. Ecol.
Volume 50 Issue 2 Pages 573-586
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Abstract (1) A conceptual model is developed in which spatial behaviour is density-dependent. The behaviour is classified as congregatory or migratory according to whether it results in movement towards or away from population concentrations. (2) Spatial behaviour is shown to result from both individual and population interactions. (3) The stability properties of the model are explored and it is shown how, under particular conditions, populations obeying the model have a population density regulating mechanism. (4) The similarity between the model and the potential energy curve of physics is noted, but it is emphasized that this is a behavioural not a physical model.
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Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 720
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Author Berger, J.
Title Organizational systems and dominance in feral horses in the Grand Canyon Type Journal Article
Year 1977 Publication Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Abbreviated Journal Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
Volume 2 Issue 2 Pages 131-146
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Abstract 1. Several aspects of the behavioral ecology of feral horses (Equus caballus) were studied in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA. Most bands contained three to five horses that included one stallion and his harem. Males that did not obtain a harem remained solitary. Throughout the study bands remained stable in composition.

2. Home ranges for all bands decreased in size in successive warm months, probably due to increased ambient temperature and drought. This resulted in greater utilization of spring areas that led to increased interband confrontation and agonistic display.

3. Territoriality was not observed in individual horses or bands, but bands hierarchial in both inter- and intraband structures. Interband stallion dominance was reinforced through posturing and fighting. Intraband hierarchies, as determined by dominance coefficients, were independent of individual size in three of four bands.

4. Indexes of nervousness (NER), calculated while horses were drinking, showed that stallions were less nervous than mares. A low NER was correlated with individuals leading toward drinking areas, whereas a high NER existed in individuals initiating flight although no single horse acted consistently as a leader.

5. Diurnal activity patterns were correlated with ambient temperatures.
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Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 748
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Author Houston, A.I.; McNamara, J.M.
Title Fighting for food: a dynamic version of the Hawk-Dove game Type Journal Article
Year 1988 Publication Evolutionary Ecology Abbreviated Journal Evol. Ecol.
Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 51-64
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Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 750
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Author Dugatkin, L.A.
Title Winner and loser effects and the structure of dominance hierarchies Type Journal Article
Year 1997 Publication Behavioral Ecology Abbreviated Journal Behav. Ecol.
Volume 8 Issue 6 Pages 583-587
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Abstract In the literature on dominance hierarchies, “winner” and “loser” effects usually are denned as an increased probability of winning at time T, bated on victories at time T-l, T-2, etc, and an increased probability of losing at time T, based on losing at T-1, T-2, etc., respectively. Despite some early theoretical work on winner and loser effects, these factors and how they affect the structure of dominance hierarchies have not been examined in detail. I developed a computer simulation to examine winner and loser effects when such effects are independent of one another (as well as when they interact) and when combatants assess each other's resource-holding power. When winner effects alone were important, a hierarchy in which all individuals held an unambiguous rank was found. When only loser effects were important, a dear alpha individual always emerged, but the rank of others in the group was often unclear because of the scarcity of aggressive interactions. Increasing winner effects for a given value of the loser effect increase the number of individuals with unambiguous positions in a hierarchy and the converse is true for increasing the value of the loser effect for a given winner effect Although winner and loser effects have been documented in a number of species, no study has documented both winner and loser effects (using some controlled, pairwise testing system) and the detailed nature of behavioral interactions when individuals are in groups. I hope the results of this model will spur such studies in the future.
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Notes 10.1093/beheco/8.6.583 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 759
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Author Cant, M.A.; Field, J.
Title Helping effort in a dominance hierarchy Type Journal Article
Year 2005 Publication Behavioral Ecology Abbreviated Journal Behav. Ecol.
Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages 708-715
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Abstract In many cooperatively breeding species, group members form a dominance hierarchy or queue to inherit the position of breeder. Models aimed at understanding individual variation in helping behavior, however, rarely take into account the effect of dominance rank on expected future reproductive success and thus the potential direct fitness costs of helping. Here we develop a kin-selection model of helping behavior in multimember groups in which only the highest ranking individual breeds. Each group member can invest in the dominant's offspring at a cost to its own survivorship. The model predicts that lower ranked subordinates, who have a smaller probability of inheriting the group, should work harder than higher ranked subordinates. This prediction holds regardless of whether the intrinsic mortality rate of subordinates increases or decreases with rank. The prediction does not necessarily hold, however, where the costs of helping are higher for lower ranked individuals: a situation that may be common in vertebrates. The model makes two further testable predictions: that the helping effort of an individual of given rank should be lower in larger groups, and the reproductive success of dominants should be greater where group members are more closely related. Empirical evidence for these predictions is discussed. We argue that the effects of rank on stable helping effort may explain why attempts to correlate individual helping effort with relatedness in cooperatively breeding species have met with limited success.
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Notes 10.1093/beheco/ari051 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 760
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