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Shrader, A.M.; Kerley, G.I.H.; Kotler, B.P.; Brown, J.S. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Social information, social feding, and competition in group-living goats (Capra hircus) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
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Behavioral Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. |
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Volume |
18 |
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1 |
Pages |
103-107 |
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fear, group foraging, harvest rates, intraspecific competition, social information. |
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There are both benefits (e.g., social information) and costs (e.g., intraspecific competition) for individuals foraging in groups. To ascertain how group-foraging goats (Capra hircus) deal with these trade-offs, we asked 1) do goats use social information to make foraging decisions and 2) how do they adjust their intake rate in light of having attracted by other group members? To establish whether goats use social information, we recorded their initial choice of different quality food patches when they were ignorant of patch quality and when they could observe others foraging. After determining that goats use social information, we recorded intake rates while they fed alone and in the presence of potential competitors. Intake rate increased as the number of competitors increased. Interestingly, lone goats achieved an intake rate that was higher than when one competitor was present but similar to when two or more competitors were present. Faster intake rates may allow herbivores to ingest a larger portion of the available food before competing group members arrive at the patch. This however, does not explain the high intake rates achieved when the goats were alone. We provide 2 potential explanations: 1) faster intake rates are a response to greater risk incurred by lone individuals, the loss of social information, and the fear of being left behind by the group and 2) when foraging alone, intake rate is no longer a trade-off between reducing competition and acquiring social information. Thus, individuals are able to feed close to their maximum rate. |
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10.1093/beheco/arl057 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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814 |
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Levin, L.E. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Passage order through different pathways in groups of schooling fish, and the diversified leadership hypothesis |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
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Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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37 |
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1-8 |
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Animal sociality; Inter-individual variability; Aggregation-dispersion; Group problem solving |
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The diversified leadership hypothesis proposes that different individuals within a school of fish act as leaders in different circumstances. This `circumstantial leadership' results from inter-individual behavioral variability and a `cohesion-dispersion' tendency modulated by `failure-success' contingencies. The hypothesis predicts that when offered different pathways to escape the restriction of their swimming space, individuals within a group of fish will show 1. (a) consistent passage orders in each pathway, but2. (b) different passage orders in different pathways. Using an avoidance paddle and three different groups of fish (Aphyocharax erithrurus) the results confirmed prediction 1. (a) while prediction2. (b) was verified only in one group. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ room B 3.029 |
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2069 |
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Hoang, L.; Maity, H.; Krishna, M.M.G.; Lin, Y.; Englander, S.W. |
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Title |
Folding units govern the cytochrome c alkaline transition |
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Journal Article |
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2003 |
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Journal of Molecular Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Mol Biol |
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331 |
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37-43 |
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Animals; Cytochrome c Group/*chemistry; Horses; Hydrogen/chemistry; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; Models, Molecular; *Protein Folding; Protein Structure, Tertiary; Spectrum Analysis; Titrimetry |
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The alkaline transition of cytochrome c is a model for protein structural switching in which the normal heme ligand is replaced by another group. Stopped flow data following a jump to high pH detect two slow kinetic phases, suggesting two rate-limiting structure changes. Results described here indicate that these events are controlled by the same structural unfolding reactions that account for the first two steps in the reversible unfolding pathway of cytochrome c. These and other results show that the cooperative folding-unfolding behavior of protein foldons can account for a variety of functional activities in addition to determining folding pathways. |
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Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6059, USA. lhoang@mail.upenn.edu |
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0022-2836 |
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PMID:12875834 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3781 |
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Wilson, M.T.; Ranson, R.J.; Masiakowski, P.; Czarnecka, E.; Brunori, M. |
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A kinetic study of the pH-dependent properties of the ferric undecapeptide of cytochrome c (microperoxidase) |
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Journal Article |
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1977 |
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European Journal of Biochemistry / FEBS |
Abbreviated Journal |
Eur J Biochem |
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77 |
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193-199 |
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Animals; Cyanides; *Cytochrome c Group/metabolism; Ferric Compounds; Horses; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Imidazoles; Kinetics; Mathematics; Myocardium/enzymology; *Oligopeptides/metabolism; *Peptide Fragments/metabolism; Protein Binding; Spectrophotometry; Temperature |
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The ferric form of the haem undecapeptide, derived from horse cytochrome c by peptic digestion, undergoes at least three pH-induced transitions with pK values of 3.4, 5.8 and 7.6. Temperature-jump experiments suggest that the first of these is due to the binding of a deprotonated imidazole group to the feric iron while the second and third arise from the binding of the two available amino groups present (the alpha-NH2 of valine and the epsilon-NH2 of lysine). Molecular models indicate that steric retraints on the peptide dictate that these amino groups may only coordinate to iron atoms via intermolecular bonds, thus leading to the polymerization of the peptide. Cyanide binding studies are in agreement with these conclusions and also yield a value of 3.6 X 10(6) M-1 s-1 for the intrinsic combination constant of CN- anion with the haem. A model is proposed which describes the pH-dependent properties of the ferric undecapeptide. |
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0014-2956 |
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PMID:20304 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3814 |
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Author |
Saigo, S. |
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Title |
Kinetic and equilibrium studies of alkaline isomerization of vertebrate cytochromes c |
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Journal Article |
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1981 |
Publication |
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta |
Abbreviated Journal |
Biochim Biophys Acta |
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669 |
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13-20 |
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Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Cytochrome c Group/*metabolism; Dogs; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Isomerism; Kinetics; Vertebrates/metabolism |
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Equilibria and kinetics of alkaline isomerization of seven ferricytochromes c from vertebrates were studied by pH-titration and pH-jump methods in the pH region of 7-12. In the equilibrium behavior, no significant difference was detected among the cytochromes c, whereas marked differences in the kinetic behavior were observed. According to the kinetic behavior of the isomerization, the cytochromes c examined fall into three classes: Group I (horse, sheep, dog and pigeon cytochromes c), Group II (tuna and bonito cytochromes c) and Group III (rhesus monkey cytochrome c). The kinetic results are interpreted in terms of the sequential scheme: Neutral form in equilibrium with fast Transient form in equilibrium with slow Alkaline form where the neutral and alkaline forms are the species stable at neutral and alkaline pH, respectively, and the transient form is a kinetic intermediate. From comparison of the primary sequences of the seven cytochromes c and the classification of these cytochromes c, it is concluded that the amino acid substitution Phe/Tyr at the 46-th position has a major influence on the kinetic behavior. In Group II and III cytochromes c, the ionization of Tyr-46 is suggested to bring about loosening of the heme crevice and thus facilitate the ligand replacement involved in the isomerization. |
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0006-3002 |
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PMID:6271238 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3871 |
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Bayly, K.L.; Evans, C.S.; Taylor, A. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Measuring social structure: A comparison of eight dominance indices |
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Journal Article |
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2006 |
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Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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73 |
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1-12 |
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Social status; Methods; Behaviour in groups |
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Measurement of social status is an important component of many behavioural studies. A variety of techniques have been developed and adopted, but while there have been some analyses of index properties using simulated data, the rationale for selecting a method remains poorly documented. As a first step in exploring the implications of index choice, we compared the characteristics of eight popular indices by applying each to the same data set from interactions between male fowl Gallus gallus, the system in which social hierarchies were first described. Data from eight social groups, observed over four successive breeding seasons, were analysed to determine whether different indices produced consistent dominance scores. These scores were then used in tests of the relation between social status and crowing to explore whether index choice affected the results obtained. We also examined the pattern of dominance index use over the last decade to infer whether this has likely been influenced by tradition, or by taxa of study animal. Overall agreement among methods was good when groups of birds had perfectly linear hierarchies, but results diverged when social structure was more complex, with either intransitive triads or reversals. While all regression analyses revealed a positive relationship between dominance and vocal behaviour, there were substantial differences in the amount of variance accounted for, even though the original data were identical in every case. Index selection can hence perturb estimates of the importance of dominance, relative to other factors. We also found that several methods have been adopted only by particular research teams, while the use of others has been taxonomically constrained, patterns implying that indices have not always been chosen solely upon their merits. Taken together, our results read as a cautionary tale. We suggest that selection of a dominance index requires careful consideration both of algorithm properties and of the factors affecting social status in the system of interest. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4289 |
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Bode, N.W.F.; Wood, A.J.; Franks, D.W. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
The impact of social networks on animal collective motion |
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Journal Article |
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2011 |
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Animal Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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82 |
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29-38 |
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collective motion; group cohesion; group position; hierarchical dynamics; social network |
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Many group-living animals show social preferences for relatives, familiar conspecifics or individuals of similar attributes such as size, personality or sex. How such preferences could affect the collective motion of animal groups has been rather unexplored. We present a general model of collective animal motion that includes social connections as preferential reactions between individuals. Our conceptual examples illustrate the possible impact of underlying social networks on the collective motion of animals. Our approach shows that the structure of these networks could influence: (1) the cohesion of groups; (2) the spatial position of individuals within groups; and (3) the hierarchical dynamics within such groups. We argue that the position of individuals within a social network and the social network structure of populations could have important fitness implications for individual animals. Counterintuitive results from our conceptual examples show that social structures can result in unexpected group dynamics. This sharpens our understanding of the way in which collective movement can be interpreted as a result of social interactions. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5393 |
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Salmivalli, C.; Lagerspetz, K.; Björkqvist, K.; Österman, K.; Kaukiainen, A. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Bullying as a group process: Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group |
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Journal Article |
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1996 |
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Aggressive Behavior |
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Aggr. Behav. |
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22 |
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1-15 |
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aggressive behavior; peer relations; roles; social acceptance; social groups; victimization |
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Bullying was investigated as a group process, a social phenomenon taking place in a school setting among 573 Finnish sixth-grade children (286 girls, 287 boys) aged 12–13 years. Different Participant Roles taken by individual children in the bullying process were examined and related to a) self-estimated behavior in bullying situations, b) social acceptance and social rejection, and c) belongingness to one of the five sociometric status groups (popular, rejected, neglected, controversial, and average). The Participant Roles assigned to the subject were Victim, Bully, Reinforcer of the bully, Assistant of the bully, Defender of the victim, and Outsider. There were significant sex differences in the distribution of Participant Roles. Boys were more frequently in the roles of Bully, Reinforcer and Assistant, while the most frequent roles of the girls were those of Defender and Outsider. The subjects were moderately well aware of their Participant Roles, although they underestimated their participation in active bullying behavior and emphasized that they acted as Defenders and Outsiders. The sociometric status of the children was found to be connected to their Participant Roles. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. |
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Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company |
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1098-2337 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5435 |
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Hartmann, E.; Søndergaard, E.; Keeling, L.J. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Identifying potential risk situations for humans when removing horses from groups |
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Journal Article |
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2012 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
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Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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136 |
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37-43 |
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Equine; Group; Human; Handling; Injury |
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Removing a horse from its social group may be considered risky, both for the handler and the horse, because other horses can interfere in the catching process. The main aim of this study was to identify where and when these risk situations occur while removing a horse from its group. A potential risk situation was defined by the closeness of loose horses in the group or by any physical contact with them. Whether the number of horses following would be influenced by the social rank of the horse being led out, and whether more horses would follow to the gate when a larger proportion of the group was removed compared to when a single horse was taken out were also investigated. Thirty-two mares (1–2 years) were kept in groups of four. All horses were taken out of their home paddock twice alone (64 tests) and twice with a companion (32 tests). One handler (or two handlers when two horses were removed) was asked to approach (phase 1) and catch the target horse (phase 2), walk it to the centre of the paddock and remain stationary at a post for 30 s (phase 3), walk to the paddock entrance (phase 4) and through the gate (phase 5). The number of horses following, and the number of loose horses in proximity (<2 m, 2–5 m) to the target horse and handler was estimated, and horse–horse and horse–human interactions were recorded continuously for the five scoring phases. Significantly more loose horses were within 2 m of a single target horse during the phases approach (mean ± SD: 1.5 ± 0.8), catch (1.6 ± 0.9) and post (1.7 ± 0.7) than during walk (1.0 ± 0.5) and gate (1.1 ± 0.6). Rank did not influence the number of horses following to the gate (high rank: 2.4 ± 0.7; lower rank: 2.0 ± 1.0; P = 0.396) and interactions between horses were rare. A greater proportion of the loose horses followed when two horses (0.9 ± 0.2) were removed compared to when a single horse (0.7 ± 0.3) was taken out (P = 0.011). In conclusion, maintaining a distance to other horses in the group by reducing the time being relatively stationary, so giving loose horses fewer chances to approach, is likely to contribute to improved handler's safety. Removing a small proportion of the group may also decrease the probability of the other horses following. |
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0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5491 |
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Guttridge, T.L.; Dijk, S.; Stamhuis, E.J.; Krause, J.; Gruber, S.H.; Brown, C. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Social learning in juvenile lemon sharks, Negaprion brevirostris |
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Journal Article |
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2013 |
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Animal Cognition |
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16 |
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55-64 |
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Local and stimulus enhancement; Group living; Social facilitation; Social information use; Elasmobranchs |
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Social learning is taxonomically widespread and can provide distinct behavioural advantages, such as in finding food or avoiding predators more efficiently. Although extensively studied in bony fishes, no such empirical evidence exists for cartilaginous fishes. Our aim in this study was to experimentally investigate the social learning capabilities of juvenile lemon sharks, Negaprion brevirostris. We designed a novel food task, where sharks were required to enter a start zone and subsequently make physical contact with a target in order to receive a food reward. Naive sharks were then able to interact with and observe (a) pre-trained sharks, that is, ‘demonstrators’, or (b) sharks with no previous experience, that is, ‘sham demonstrators’. On completion, observer sharks were then isolated and tested individually in a similar task. During the exposure phase observers paired with ‘demonstrator’ sharks performed a greater number of task-related behaviours and made significantly more transitions from the start zone to the target, than observers paired with ‘sham demonstrators’. When tested in isolation, observers previously paired with ‘demonstrator’ sharks completed a greater number of trials and made contact with the target significantly more often than observers previously paired with ‘sham demonstrators’. Such experience also tended to result in faster overall task performance. These results indicate that juvenile lemon sharks, like numerous other animals, are capable of using socially derived information to learn about novel features in their environment. The results likely have important implications for behavioural processes, ecotourism and fisheries. |
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Springer-Verlag |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5697 |
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