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	Author	Laland K.N.
	Title	Social learning strategies			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Learning & Behavior	Abbreviated Journal	Learn. Behav.
	Volume	32	Issue		Pages	4-14
	Keywords
	Abstract	In most studies of social learning in animals, no attempt has been made to examine the nature of the strategy adopted by animals when they copy others. Researchers have expended considerable effort in exploring the psychological processes that underlie social learning and amassed extensive data banks recording purported social learning in the field, but the contexts under which animals copy others remain unexplored. Yet, theoretical models used to investigate the adaptive advantages of social learning lead to the conclusion that social learning cannot be indiscriminate and that individuals should adopt strategies that dictate the circumstances under which they copy others and from whom they learn. In this article, I discuss a number of possible strategies that are predicted by theoretical analyses, including copy when uncertain, copy the majority, and copy if better, and consider the empirical evidence in support of each, drawing from both the animal and human social learning literature. Reliance on social learning strategies may be organized hierarchically, their being employed by animals when unlearned and asocially learned strategies prove ineffective but before animals take recourse in innovation.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4193
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	Author	Doutrelant, C.; McGregor, P. K.; Oliveira, R. F.
	Title	The effect of an audience on intrasexual communication in male Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Behavioral Ecology	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Ecol.
	Volume	12	Issue		Pages	283-286
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	Abstract
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4224
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	Author	Giebel, H.D.
	Title	Visuelles lernvermögen bei Einhufern			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1958	Publication	Horse Behavior, 1983	Abbreviated Journal	Zool. Jahrb. 67
	Volume		Issue		Pages	229-231
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	Notes	Cited By (since 1996): 1; Export Date: 24 October 2008			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ knut @			Serial	4588
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	Author	Gácsi, M.; McGreevy, P.; Kara, E.; Miklósi, Á.
	Title	Effects of selection for cooperation and attention in dogs			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2009	Publication	Behavioral and Brain Functions	Abbreviated Journal	Behav Brain Funct
	Volume	5	Issue		Pages	31
	Keywords
	Abstract	ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that the functional similarities in the socio-cognitive behaviour of dogs and humans emerged as a consequence of comparable environmental selection pressures. Here we use a novel approach to account for the facilitating effect of domestication in dogs and reveal that selection for two factors under genetic influence (visual cooperation and focused attention) may have led independently to increased comprehension of human communicational cues. METHOD: In Study 1, we observed the performance of three groups of dogs in utilizing the human pointing gesture in a two-way object choice test. We compared breeds selected to work while visually separated from human partners (N = 30, 21 breeds, clustered as independent worker group), with those selected to work in close cooperation and continuous visual contact with human partners (N = 30, 22 breeds, clustered as cooperative worker group), and with a group of mongrels (N = 30).Secondly, it has been reported that, in dogs, selective breeding to produce an abnormal shortening of the skull is associated with a more pronounced area centralis (location of greatest visual acuity). In Study 2, breeds with high cephalic index and more frontally placed eyes (brachycephalic breeds, N = 25, 14 breeds) were compared with breeds with low cephalic index and laterally placed eyes (dolichocephalic breeds, N = 25, 14 breeds). RESULTS: In Study 1, cooperative workers were significantly more successful in utilizing the human pointing gesture than both the independent workers and the mongrels.In study 2, we found that brachycephalic dogs performed significantly better than dolichocephalic breeds. DISCUSSION: After controlling for environmental factors, we have provided evidence that at least two independent phenotypic traits with certain genetic variability affect the ability of dogs to rely on human visual cues. This finding should caution researchers against making simple generalizations about the effects of domestication and on dog-wolf differences in the utilization of human visual signals.
	Address	Dept, of Ethology, Eotvos University, H-1117, Budapest, Pazmany P, s, 1/c,, Hungary. gm.art@t-online.hu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1744-9081	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:19630939			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4968
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	Author	Zahn-Waxler, C; Radke-Yarrow, M.
	Title	The Development of Altruism: Alternative Research Strategies			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1982	Publication	The Development of Prosocial Behavior	Abbreviated Journal
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	Publisher	New York: Academic Press	Place of Publication	New York	Editor	Eisenberg , N.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5011
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	Author	Zahn-Waxler, C. & Radke-Yarrow, M.
	Title	The development of altruism: Alternative research strategies.			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	1982	Publication	The development of prosocial behavior	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	109-138
	Keywords
	Abstract	Zahn-Waxler, C. & Radke-Yarrow, M. (1982) The development of altruism: Alternative research strategies. In: The development of prosocial behavior, ed. N. Eisenberg. Academic Press. [aSDP]
	Address
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	Publisher	Academic Press	Place of Publication	New York	Editor	Eisenberg, N.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5061
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	Author	Couzin, I.D.; Krause, J.
	Title	Self-Organization and Collective Behavior in Vertebrates			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2003	Publication	Advances in the Study of Behavior	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	32	Issue		Pages	1-75
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	Publisher	Academic Press	Place of Publication		Editor	Peter J. B. Slater, J.S.R., Charles T. Snowdon and Timothy J. Roper
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	ISSN		ISBN	0065-3454	Medium
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5144
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	Author	Watt, L. M.; McDonnell, S. M.
	Title	Demonstration of Concept Formation in the Horse.			Type	Report
	Year	2001	Publication	Equine Behavior Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, August 2001 Interim Report.	Abbreviated Journal
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	Publisher	University of Pennsylvania	Place of Publication	Philadephia	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5449
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	Author	Krueger, K.
	Title	Perissodactyla Cognition			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2017	Publication	Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-10
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	Publisher	Springer International Publishing	Place of Publication	Cham	Editor	Vonk, J.; Shackelford, T.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-3-319-47829-6	Medium
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ Krueger2017			Serial	6187
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	Author	Yarnell, K.; Hall, C.; Royle, C.; Walker, S.L.
	Title	Domesticated horses differ in their behavioural and physiological responses to isolated and group housing			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2015	Publication	Physiology & Behavior	Abbreviated Journal	Physiol.Behav.
	Volume	143	Issue		Pages	51-57
	Keywords	Equine; Behaviour; Corticosterone; Housing
	Abstract	Abstract The predominant housing system used for domestic horses is individual stabling; however, housing that limits social interaction and requires the horse to live in semi-isolation has been reported to be a concern for equine welfare. The aim of the current study was to compare behavioural and physiological responses of domestic horses in different types of housing design that provided varying levels of social contact. Horses (n = 16) were divided equally into four groups and exposed to each of four housing treatments for a period of five days per treatment in a randomized block design. The four housing treatments used were single housed no physical contact (SHNC), single housed semi-contact (SHSC), paired housed full contact (PHFC) and group housed full contact (GHFC). During each housing treatment, adrenal activity was recorded using non-invasive faecal corticosterone metabolite analysis (fGC). Thermal images of the eye were captured and eye temperature was assessed as a non-invasive measure of the stress response. Behavioural analysis of time budget was carried out and an ease of handling score was assigned to each horse in each treatment using video footage. SHNC horses had significantly higher (p = 0.01) concentrations of fGC and were significantly (p = 0.003) more difficult to handle compared to the other housing types. GHFC horses, although not significantly different, had numerically lower concentrations of fGC and were more compliant to handling when compared to all other housing treatments. Eye temperature was significantly (p = 0.0001) lower in the group housed treatment when compared to all other treatments. These results indicate that based on physiological and behavioural measures incorporating social contact into the housing design of domestic horses could improve the standard of domestic equine welfare.
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	ISSN	0031-9384	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5920
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