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Author Apple, J.K.; Kegley, E.B.; Galloway, D.L.; Wistuba, T.J.; Rakes, L.K. url  openurl
  Title Duration of restraint and isolation stress as a model to study the dark-cutting condition in cattle Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication Journal of Animal Science Abbreviated Journal J. Anim Sci.  
  Volume 83 Issue (up) 5 Pages 1202-1214  
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  Abstract Holstein steer calves (n = 32; 156 {+/-} 33.2 kg average BW) were used to evaluate the duration of restraint and isolation stress (RIS) on endocrine and blood metabolite status and the incidence of dark-cutting LM. Calves were blocked by BW and assigned randomly within blocks to one of four stressor treatments: unstressed controls (NS) or a single bout of RIS for 2, 4, or 6 h. Venous blood was collected via indwelling jugular catheters at 40, 20, and 0 min before stressor application and at 20-min intervals during RIS. Unstressed calves remained in their home stanchions and, except for blood sampling, were subjected to minimal handling and stress. Serum cortisol and plasma lactate concentrations were increased (P <0.01) during the first 20 min after RIS application, and remained elevated throughout the 6 h of RIS. Plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin were greater (P <0.05) in RIS calves than in NS calves after 80 and 100 min of stressor application, respectively; however, RIS did not (P >0.80) affect plasma NEFA concentrations. Calves were slaughtered within 20 min of completion of RIS, and muscle samples were excised from right-side LM at 0, 0.75, 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after exsanguination for quantifying LM pH, and glycogen and lactate concentrations. The pH of the LM from calves subjected to 6 h of RIS exceeded 6.0, and was greater (P <0.05) at 24 and 48 h postmortem than the pH of NS calves or calves subjected to 2 or 4 h RIS. Muscle glycogen concentrations did not differ (P = 0.16; 25.58, 10.41, 13.80, and 14.41 {micro}mol/g of wet tissue weight for NS and 2-, 4-, and 6-h RIS, respectively), and LM lactate concentrations tended to be lower (P = 0.08) in calves subjected to 6 h of RIS. At 48 h after exsanguination, the LM from calves subjected to 6 h of RIS had more (P <0.05) bound and less (P <0.05) free moisture than did the LM from NS calves or calves subjected to 2 or 4 h of RIS. Additionally, the LM from RIS calves was darker (lower L* values; P <0.05) than the LM of NS calves. Visual color scores for the LM were greatest (P < 0.05) for calves subjected to 6 h of RIS and least (P <0.05) for NS calves. Subjecting lightweight Holstein calves to 6, 4, and 2 h of RIS resulted in six (75%), two (25%), and two (25%) carcasses characteristic of the dark-cutting condition, respectively. There were no dark-cutting carcasses produced from NS calves. Thus, RIS may be a reliable animal model with which to study the formation of the dark-cutting condition. N1 -  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2948  
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Author Schiffman, S.S. url  openurl
  Title Livestock odors: implications for human health and well-being Type Journal Article
  Year 1998 Publication Journal of Animal Science Abbreviated Journal J. Anim Sci.  
  Volume 76 Issue (up) 5 Pages 1343-1355  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2949  
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Author Heird, J.C.; Lennon, A.M.; Bell, R.W. url  openurl
  Title Effects of early experience on the learning ability of yearling horses Type Journal Article
  Year 1981 Publication Journal of Animal Science Abbreviated Journal J. Anim Sci.  
  Volume 53 Issue (up) 5 Pages 1204-1209  
  Keywords Animals; Conditioning (Psychology); Female; *Handling (Psychology); Horses/*physiology; *Learning  
  Abstract Twenty-four yearling Quarter Horse fillies were divided into three groups (I) very limited handling, (II) intermediate handling and (III) extensive handling. At about 14 months of age, each horse was preconditioned for 2 weeks and then run in a simple place-learning T-maze test in which it had to locate its feed. Thirty trials were run daily for 20 days, with the location of the feed changed each day. To retire from the maze, a horse had to meet the criterion: 11 correct responses in 12 tries, with the last eight being consecutive. Horses in Group II required the fewest trials to reach criterion. These horses also learned more and had the highest percentage of correct responses (P less than .05). Mean trainability tended to predict learning ability; however, trainability and trials to criterion were not significantly correlated. Mean emotionality scores indicated a tendency for horses in the intermediately handled group to be less emotional than those in Group I or III. Results indicated that horses with an intermediate amount of handling scored higher on an intermediate test of learning. All handled horses scored higher on learning tests than those not handled.  
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  Notes PMID:7319966 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3577  
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Author Lanier, J.L.; Grandin, T.; Green, R.D.; Avery, D.; McGee, K. url  openurl
  Title The relationship between reaction to sudden, intermittent movements and sounds and temperament Type Journal Article
  Year 2000 Publication Journal of Animal Science Abbreviated Journal J. Anim Sci.  
  Volume 78 Issue (up) 6 Pages 1467-1474  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2945  
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Author Honeyman, M.S.; Miller, G.S. url  openurl
  Title The effect of teaching approaches on achievement and satisfaction of field-dependent and field-independent learners in animal science Type Journal Article
  Year 1998 Publication Journal of Animal Science Abbreviated Journal J. Anim Sci.  
  Volume 76 Issue (up) 6 Pages 1710-1715  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2941  
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Author Walter, G.; Reisner, A. url  openurl
  Title Student opinion formation on animal agriculture issues Type Journal Article
  Year 1994 Publication Journal of Animal Science Abbreviated Journal J. Anim Sci.  
  Volume 72 Issue (up) 6 Pages 1654-1658  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2935  
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Author Rubin, L.; Oppegard, C.; Hindz, H.F. url  doi
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  Title The effect of varying the temporal distribution of conditioning trials on equine learning behavior Type Journal Article
  Year 1980 Publication Journal of Animal Science Abbreviated Journal J. Anim Sci.  
  Volume 50 Issue (up) 6 Pages 1184-1187  
  Keywords Animals; Conditioning (Psychology); *Horses; *Learning  
  Abstract Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of varying the temporal distrbution of conditioning sessions on equine learning behavior. In the first experiment, 15 ponies were trained to clear a small hurdle in response to a buzzer in order to avoid a mild electric shock. Three treatments were used. One group received 10 learning trials daily, seven times a week; one group was trained in the same fashion two times a week and one group was trained once a week. The animals conditioned only once a week achieved a high level of performance in significantly fewer sessions than the ones conditioned seven times a week, although elapsed time from start of training to completion was two to three times greater for the former group. The twice-a-week group learned at an intermediate rate. In the second experiment, the ponies were rearranged into three new groups. They were taught to move backward a specific distance in response to a visual cue in order to avoid an electric shock. Again, one group was trained seven times a week, one group was trained two times and one group was trained once a week. As in the first experiment, the animals trained once a week achieved the learning criteria in significantly fewer sessions than those trained seven times a week, but, as in trial 1, elapsed time from start to finish was greater for them. The two times-a-week group learned at a rate in-between the rates of the other two groups.  
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  Notes PMID:7400060 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3558  
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Author Hall, C.A.; Cassaday, H.J.; Derrington, A.M. openurl 
  Title The effect of stimulus height on visual discrimination in horses Type Journal Article
  Year 2003 Publication Journal of Animal Science Abbreviated Journal J. Anim Sci.  
  Volume 81 Issue (up) 7 Pages 1715-1720  
  Keywords Animals; *Discrimination Learning/physiology; Female; Horses/physiology/*psychology; Male; Orientation; *Photic Stimulation; Vision/*physiology  
  Abstract This study investigated the effect of stimulus height on the ability of horses to learn a simple visual discrimination task. Eight horses were trained to perform a two-choice, black/white discrimination with stimuli presented at one of two heights: ground level or at a height of 70 cm from the ground. The height at which the stimuli were presented was alternated from one session to the next. All trials within a single session were presented at the same height. The criterion for learning was four consecutive sessions of 70% correct responses. Performance was found to be better when stimuli were presented at ground level with respect to the number of trials taken to reach the criterion (P < 0.05), percentage of correct first choices (P < 0.01), and repeated errors made (P < 0.01). Thus, training horses to carry out tasks of visual discrimination could be enhanced by placing the stimuli on the ground. In addition, the results of the present study suggest that the visual appearance of ground surfaces is an important factor in both horse management and training.  
  Address School of Land-based Studies, Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst College Campus, Southwell, Nottinghamshire, England NG25 0QF. carol.hall@ntu.ac.uk  
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  Notes PMID:12854807 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 835  
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Author Bracke, M.B.M.; Spruijt, B.M.; Metz, J.H.M.; Schouten, W.G.P. url  openurl
  Title Decision support system for overall welfare assessment in pregnant sows A: Model structure and weighting procedure Type Journal Article
  Year 2002 Publication Journal of Animal Science Abbreviated Journal J. Anim Sci.  
  Volume 80 Issue (up) 7 Pages 1819-1834  
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  Abstract The problem of how to objectively assess the overall welfare status of animals under farming conditions has contributed to an ongoing debate that has hampered actual decision making on animal welfare. For this reason we constructed a model based on the assumed hierarchical organization of the animals' needs for overall welfare assessment in the case of pregnant sows. This model is implemented in a computer-based decision support system that takes a description of a housing and management system as input and produces a welfare score as output. A formalized procedure was used to construct the model for welfare assessment in pregnant sows on the basis of available scientific knowledge. This SOWEL (from SOw WELfare) model contains 37 attributes that describe the welfare-relevant properties of housing and management systems. In the decision support system these attributes are linked to scientific statements and a list of needs to provide a scientific basis for welfare assessment. Weighting factors that represent the relative importance of the attributes are derived from the scientific statements about the various welfare performance criteria that have been measured by scientists. The welfare score is calculated as the weighted average score. All information in the decision support system is stored in tables in a relational database such that newly available knowledge and insights can be incorporated to refine the model. The model has been developed in line with several existing models but it differs from these models in that it is the first to provide a formalized procedure to explicate the reasoning steps involved in welfare assessment based on available scientific knowledge. N1 -  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2943  
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Author Minton, J.E. url  openurl
  Title Function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system in models of acute stress in domestic farm animals Type Journal Article
  Year 1994 Publication Journal of Animal Science Abbreviated Journal J. Anim Sci.  
  Volume 72 Issue (up) 7 Pages 1891-1898  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2942  
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