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Author |
de Waal, F.B.; Seres, M. |
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Title |
Propagation of handclasp grooming among captive chimpanzees |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
American journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Primatol. |
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Volume |
43 |
Issue  |
4 |
Pages |
339-346 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Family Relations; Female; *Grooming; Learning; Male; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; *Social Behavior |
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Abstract |
A grooming posture previously reported for two wild chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) communities developed spontaneously in a captive group of the same species. This offered a unique opportunity to follow the propagation of a new social custom. The posture consists of two partners grasping hands--either both right hands or both left hands--and raising the arms in an A-frame above their heads while mutually grooming with their free hands. The propagation of this pattern was followed over a 5 year period. In the beginning, handclasps were always initiated by the same adult female. This female initiated the posture mainly with her adult female kin. In subsequent years, these relatives became frequent participants in the posture with each other as well as with nonrelatives. Over the years the posture increased in frequency and duration and spread to the majority of adults and also to a few adolescents and older juveniles. The pattern persisted after removal of the apparent originator. |
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Yerkes Primate Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA. dewaal@emory.edu |
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0275-2565 |
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PMID:9403098 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
202 |
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Author |
de Waal, F.B.; Uno, H.; Luttrell, L.M.; Meisner, L.F.; Jeannotte, L.A. |
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Title |
Behavioral retardation in a macaque with autosomal trisomy and aging mother |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
Publication |
American journal of mental retardation : AJMR |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Ment Retard |
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Volume |
100 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
378-390 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Brain/physiopathology; Female; Hydrocephalus/complications; Longitudinal Studies; Macaca mulatta/*genetics; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; *Maternal Age; Psychomotor Disorders/*etiology; Social Behavior; Trisomy/*genetics; X Chromosome |
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Abstract |
The social development of a female rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) was followed from the day of birth until her death, at age 32 months. The subject, born to an older mother, had an extra autosome (karyotype: 43, XX, +18), an affliction that came about spontaneously. MRI scans revealed that she was also hydrocephalic. Compared to 23 female monkeys growing up under identical conditions, the subject showed serious motor deficiencies, a dramatic delay in the development of social behavior, poorly established dominance relationships, and greater than usual dependency on mother and kin. The subject was well-integrated into the social group, however. |
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University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA |
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0895-8017 |
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Notes |
PMID:8718992 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
205 |
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Author |
Judge, P.G.; de Waal, F.B.; Paul, K.S.; Gordon, T.P. |
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Title |
Removal of a trauma-inflicting alpha matriline from a group of rhesus macaques to control severe wounding |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Laboratory animal science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Lab Anim Sci |
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Volume |
44 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
344-350 |
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Keywords |
*Aggression; Animals; Female; *Macaca mulatta; Male; *Monkey Diseases; *Social Dominance; Wounds and Injuries/epidemiology/prevention & control/*veterinary |
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Abstract |
Wounding in an 83-member group of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) housed at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center Field Station became excessive to the point that intervention was deemed necessary. When observations indicated that three females from the group's alpha matriline were principally responsible for the wounding, the matriline (N = 7) was removed from the group. This study was conducted to document an atypical pattern of wounding in this group and to evaluate the effectiveness of removal as a procedure for controlling injuries. The aggression rates of 21 adult subjects and the wounds of all group members were recorded before and after the removal procedure and compared with those in a similar-sized group. Removing the alpha matriline did not alter aggression rates in the group or the rank order among the remaining matrilines. Aggression rates in the experimental group were also not significantly different from those in the comparison group before or after the removal. With the alpha matriline present, wounding levels in the group were significantly higher than those in the comparison group. After removal of the matriline, the frequency of wounds decreased significantly to levels similar to those of the comparison group. The pattern of excess wounding attributed to the extracted alpha females was idiosyncratic, involving removal of large patches of skin from the hindquarters of adult females or removal of the distal portion of the fingers, toes, or tail from juveniles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |
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Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329 |
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ISSN |
0023-6764 |
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Notes |
PMID:7983846 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
207 |
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Author |
de Waal, F.B. |
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Title |
The integration of dominance and social bonding in primates |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1986 |
Publication |
The Quarterly review of biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Q Rev Biol |
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Volume |
61 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
459-479 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Female; Humans; Male; *Object Attachment; *Primates; *Social Dominance |
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Abstract |
Social dominance is usually viewed from the perspective of intragroup competition over access to limited resources. The present paper, while not denying the importance of such competition, discusses the dominance concept among monkeys and apes in the context of affiliative bonding, social tolerance, and the reconciliation of aggressive conflicts. Two basic proximate mechanisms are supposed to provide a link between dominance and interindividual affiliation, namely, formalization of the dominance relationship (i.e., unequivocal communication of status), and conditional reassurance (i.e., the linkage of friendly coexistence to formalization of the relationship). Ritualized submission is imposed upon losers of dominance struggles by winners; losers are offered a “choice” between continued hostility or a tolerant relationship with a clearly signalled difference in status. If these two social mechanisms are lacking, aggression is bound to have dispersive effects. In their presence, aggression becomes a well-integrated, even constructive component of social life. In some higher primates this process of integration has reached the stage where status differences are strongly attenuated. In these species, sharing and trading can take the place of overt competition. The views underlying this “reconciled hierarchy” model are only partly new, as is evident from a review of the ethological literature. Many points are illustrated with data on a large semi-captive colony of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), particularly data related to striving for status, reconciliation behavior, and general association patterns. These observations demonstrate that relationships among adult male chimpanzees cannot be described in terms of a dichotomy between affiliative and antagonistic tendencies. Male bonding in this species has not been achieved by an elimination of aggression, but by a set of powerful buffering mechanisms that mitigate its effects. Although female chimpanzees do exhibit a potential for bonding under noncompetitive conditions, they appear to lack the buffering mechanisms of the males. |
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English |
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ISSN |
0033-5770 |
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Notes |
PMID:3543991 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
210 |
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Author |
de Waal, F.B.; Luttrell, L.M. |
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Title |
The similarity principle underlying social bonding among female rhesus monkeys |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1986 |
Publication |
Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Folia Primatol (Basel) |
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Volume |
46 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
215-234 |
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Keywords |
Aggression; Animals; Dominance-Subordination; Female; Grooming; *Group Processes; Macaca/*physiology; Macaca mulatta/*physiology; Male; *Object Attachment |
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Abstract |
Twenty adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were observed over a three-year period. They lived in a mixed captive group with kinship relations known for three generations. The study's aim was to test Seyfarth's [J. theor. Biol. 65: 671-698, 1977] model of rank-related grooming and to investigate two other possible determinants of social bonding, i.e. relative age and the group's stratification into two social classes. Data on affiliation, coalitions, and social competition were collected by means of both focal observation and instantaneous time sampling. Whereas certain elements of the existing model were confirmed, its explanatory principles were not. Social competition did not result in more contact among close-ranking females (the opposite effect was found), and the relation between affiliative behavior and coalitions was more complex than predicted. Based on multivariate analyses and a comparison of theoretical models, we propose a simpler, more encompassing principle underlying interfemale attraction. According to this 'similarity principle', rhesus females establish bonds with females whom they most resemble. The similarity may concern genetical and social background, age, hierarchical position and social class. Effects of these four factors were independently demonstrated. The most successful model assumed that similarity factors influence female bonding in a cumulative fashion. |
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English |
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0015-5713 |
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Notes |
PMID:3557225 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
211 |
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Author |
Zentall, T.R. |
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Title |
A cognitive behaviorist approach to the study of animal behavior |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
The Journal of general psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Gen Psychol |
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Volume |
129 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
328-363 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Attention; *Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Learning; *Memory; Social Behavior |
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Abstract |
Traditional psychological approaches to animal learning and behavior have involved either the atheoretical behaviorist approach proposed by B. F. Skinner (1938), in which input-output relations are described in response to environmental manipulations, or the theoretical behaviorist approach offered by C. L Hull (1943), in which associations mediated by several hypothetical constructs and intervening variables are formed between stimuli and responses. Recently, the application of a cognitive behaviorist approach to animal learning and behavior has been found to have considerable value as a research tool. This perspective has grown out of E. C. Tolman's cognitive approach to learning in which behavior is mediated by mechanisms that are not directly observable but can be inferred from the results of critical experiments. In the present article, the author presents several examples of the successful application of the cognitive behaviorist approach. In each case, the experiments have been designed to distinguish between more traditional mechanisms and those mediated by hypothesized internal representations. These examples were selected because the evidence suggests that some form of active cognitive organization is needed to account for the behavioral results. |
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Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, USA. Zentall@uky.edu |
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ISSN |
0022-1309 |
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Notes |
PMID:12494989 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
214 |
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Author |
Singer, R.A.; Klein, E.D.; Zentall, T.R. |
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Title |
Use of a single-code/default strategy by pigeons to acquire duration sample discriminations |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Learning & behavior : a Psychonomic Society publication |
Abbreviated Journal |
Learn Behav |
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Volume |
34 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
340-347 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Columbidae; *Discrimination (Psychology); *Reaction Time; Retention (Psychology); *Signal Detection (Psychology) |
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Abstract |
Past evidence that pigeons may adopt a single-code/default strategy to solve duration sample discriminations may be attributable to the similarity between the intertrial interval (ITI) and the retention interval. The present experiments tested whether pigeons would adopt a single-code/default strategy when possible ITI-retention-interval ambiguity was eliminated and sample salience was increased. Previous studies of duration sample discriminations that have purported to show evidence for the use of a single-code/default coding strategy have used durations of 0, 2, and 10 sec (Zentall, Klein, and Singer, 2004). However, the results of Experiment 1 suggest that the use of a 0-sec sample may produce an artifact resulting in inadvertent present/absent sample matching. In Experiment 2, when pigeons were trained with three nonzero duration samples (2, 8, and 32 sec), clear evidence for the use of a single-code/default strategy was found. |
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Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA. rasing2@uky.edu |
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English |
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ISSN |
1543-4494 |
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Notes |
PMID:17330523 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
215 |
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Author |
Zentall, T.R. |
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Title |
Imitation: definitions, evidence, and mechanisms |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Animal cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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Volume |
9 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
335-353 |
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Keywords |
Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Imitative Behavior; *Learning; Motivation; *Social Environment; Transfer (Psychology) |
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Abstract |
Imitation can be defined as the copying of behavior. To a biologist, interest in imitation is focused on its adaptive value for the survival of the organism, but to a psychologist, the mechanisms responsible for imitation are the most interesting. For psychologists, the most important cases of imitation are those that involve demonstrated behavior that the imitator cannot see when it performs the behavior (e.g., scratching one's head). Such examples of imitation are sometimes referred to as opaque imitation because they are difficult to account for without positing cognitive mechanisms, such as perspective taking, that most animals have not been acknowledged to have. The present review first identifies various forms of social influence and social learning that do not qualify as opaque imitation, including species-typical mechanisms (e.g., mimicry and contagion), motivational mechanisms (e.g., social facilitation, incentive motivation, transfer of fear), attentional mechanisms (e.g., local enhancement, stimulus enhancement), imprinting, following, observational conditioning, and learning how the environment works (affordance learning). It then presents evidence for different forms of opaque imitation in animals, and identifies characteristics of human imitation that have been proposed to distinguish it from animal imitation. Finally, it examines the role played in opaque imitation by demonstrator reinforcement and observer motivation. Although accounts of imitation have been proposed that vary in their level of analysis from neural to cognitive, at present no theory of imitation appears to be adequate to account for the varied results that have been found. |
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Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA. Zentall@uky.edu |
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English |
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ISSN |
1435-9448 |
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Notes |
PMID:17024510 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
217 |
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Author |
Zentall, T.R.; Kaiser, D.H. |
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Title |
Interval timing with gaps: gap ambiguity as an alternative to temporal decay |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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Volume |
31 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
484-486 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; Discrimination (Psychology)/*physiology; Memory/*physiology; Rats; Time Perception/*physiology |
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Abstract |
C. V. Buhusi, D. Perera, and W. H. Meck (2005) proposed a hypothesis of timing in rats to account for the results of experiments that have used the peak procedure with gaps. According to this hypothesis, the introduction of a gap causes the animal's memory for the pregap interval to passively decay (subjectively shorten) in direct proportion to the duration and salience of the gap. Thus, animals should pause with short, nonsalient gaps but should reset their clock with longer, salient gaps. The present authors suggest that the ambiguity of the gap (i.e., the similarity between the gap and the intertrial interval in both appearance and relative duration) causes the animal to actively reset the clock and prevents adequate assessments of the fate of timed intervals prior to the gap. Furthermore, when the intertrial interval is discriminable from the gap, the evidence suggests that timed intervals prior to the gap are not lost but are retained in memory. |
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Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA. zentall@uky.edu |
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ISSN |
0097-7403 |
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Notes |
PMID:16248734 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
220 |
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Author |
Martin, T.I.; Zentall, T.R. |
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Title |
Post-choice information processing by pigeons |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Animal cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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Volume |
8 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
273-278 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Choice Behavior; *Columbidae; Discrimination Learning |
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Abstract |
In a conditional discrimination (matching-to-sample), a sample is followed by two comparison stimuli, one of which is correct, depending on the sample. Evidence from previous research suggests that if the stimulus display is maintained following an incorrect response (the so-called penalty-time procedure), acquisition by pigeons is facilitated. The present research tested the hypothesis that the penalty-time procedure allows the pigeons to review and learn from the maintained stimulus display following an incorrect choice. It did so by including a penalty-time group for which, following an incorrect choice, the sample changed to match the incorrect comparison, thus providing the pigeons with post-choice 'misinformation.' This misinformation group acquired the matching task significantly slower than the standard penalty-time group (that had no change in the sample following an error). Furthermore, acquisition of matching by a control group that received no penalty time fell midway between the other two groups, suggesting that the pigeons did not merely take more care in making choices because of the aversiveness of penalty-time. Thus, it appears that in the acquisition of matching-to-sample, when the stimulus display is maintained following an incorrect choice, the pigeons can review or acquire information from the display. This is the first time that such an effect has been reported for a nonhuman species. |
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Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA |
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English |
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1435-9448 |
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Notes |
PMID:15744507 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
225 |
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