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	Author	Zeitler-Feicht, M.H.
	Title	[Critical consideration of the “Guideline for the Evaluation of Raising Horses” and keeping horses outside in the winter]			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	DTW. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift	Abbreviated Journal	Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr
	Volume	111	Issue	3	Pages	120-123
	Keywords	Animal Feed/standards; Animal Husbandry/legislation & jurisprudence/methods/standards; Animal Welfare/legislation & jurisprudence; Animals; Cold; Female; Germany; Guidelines/standards; Horses/physiology; Housing, Animal/legislation & jurisprudence/*standards; Legislation, Veterinary; Male; Seasons
	Abstract	The guidelines of the Federal Ministry of User Protection, Nutrition and Agriculture (BMVEL) regarding “horse keeping with respect to animal welfare” are from 1995 (BMELF, 1995). Therefore, they are not suitable for modern horse keeping. The Veterinary Association for Animal Welfare (TVT) held it to be necessary to rework the guide-lines in light of 1) many subsequent investigations concerning horse keeping, and 2) the species-specific needs of horses in practice. Each chapter of the BMELF (1995) guide-lines was revised such that the literature and practical experiences were updated. Several chapters (recumbency resting behaviour, fences, underground outdoor and in stables, litter) were added in the position paper of the TVT to reflect the increasing use of boxes with paddocks, loose housing systems with open yards, pasture and winter yards as housing conditions. Keeping horses outdoors permanently during winter is possible because horses have very good thermoregulatory capabilities so that they are able to adapt themselves to cold conditions. However, in light of animal welfare, the holding system must include adequate shelter (natural or artificial). Shelters should protect against wetness, heat, cold and wind, and must be sufficiently large and high, with a dry and clean underground. In keeping horses outdoors permanently, the paths to the feeding and watering areas and to the shelter must be dry. The food must also be protected against mould and soiling. Keeping horses permanently without adequate shelter or in deep marsh without any dry places is against the Animal Protection Act.
	Address	Lehrgebiet fur Tierhaltung und Verhaltenskunde, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan fur Ernahrung, Landnutzung und Umwelt, Technische Universitat Munchen. Zeitler-Feicht@tz.agrar.tu-muenchen.de
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	German	Summary Language		Original Title	Kritische Betrachtung der “Leitlinien zur Beurteilung von Pferdehaltungen” und Winteraussenhaltung von Pferden
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0341-6593	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15195962			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1900
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	Author	Pollmann, U.
	Title	[Keeping of horses in circus and show businesses]			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	DTW. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift	Abbreviated Journal	Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr
	Volume	109	Issue	3	Pages	126-129
	Keywords	Animal Husbandry/methods; Animal Welfare; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Horses; Housing, Animal; Humans; Reward
	Abstract	The conditions under which horses are kept and the performance of acts in the circus ring may give rise to animal protection-relevant aspects for circus and show horses. A number of intolerable conditions under which horses are kept and procedures adopted for the work with circus and show horses are described. In addition, attention is drawn to monitoring methods capable of exposing the deplorable shortcomings of these businesses.
	Address	Fachbereich Ethologie und Tierschutz des Chemischen und Veterinaruntersuchungsamtes Freiburg. Ursula.Pollmann@cvuafr.bwl.de
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	German	Summary Language		Original Title	Pferdehaltung in Zirkus- und Schaustellerbetrieben
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0341-6593	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11963363			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	1914
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	Author	Zeeb, K.
	Title	[Possibilities for the all-year free-range raising of horses]			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	DTW. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift	Abbreviated Journal	Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr
	Volume	101	Issue	3	Pages	122-123
	Keywords	Animal Feed; Animal Husbandry; Animal Welfare; Animals; Germany; Horses/physiology; Housing, Animal; Seasons; Weather
	Abstract	The ethological concept concerning supply of needs an avoidance of damage is mentioned as a possibility for the evaluation of welfare aspects related to animal management. The 250 Dulmen horses kept on 300 ha by the Duke of Croy show what must be provided for horse-keeping in a semi-natural environment: Sufficient food and water, efficient shelter as well as adequate structures for the needs of horses concerning social and comfort behaviour. A catalogue of factors, functions and facilities for this kind of horse-keeping is presented.
	Address	Tierhygienischen Institut, Freiburg, Breisgau
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	German	Summary Language		Original Title	Moglichkeiten der ganzjahrigen Freilandhaltung von Pferden
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0341-6593	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8205954			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	1941
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	Author	Nicol, C.J.; Potzsch, C.; Lewis, K.; Green, L.E.
	Title	Matched concurrent case-control study of risk factors for feather pecking in hens on free-range commercial farms in the UK			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	British poultry science	Abbreviated Journal	Br Poult Sci
	Volume	44	Issue	4	Pages	515-523
	Keywords	Aggression; Analysis of Variance; Animal Husbandry/methods; Animals; Case-Control Studies; Chickens/physiology; Feathers; Female; Multivariate Analysis; Odds Ratio; Regression Analysis; Species Specificity
	Abstract	1. The aim of the study was to compare the management and husbandry of free-range flocks in the UK where feather pecking was either present (case) or absent (control). 2. One hundred flocks were enrolled into a concurrent case-control study: 50 where birds had recently started feather pecking, and 50 matched control flocks where birds of the same age had not started feather pecking. 3. Information was obtained from a detailed interview with the flock manager, and by direct inspection of the flock, house and range. 4. Initial univariate analyses revealed that case flocks were more likely to comprise ISA Brown than Lohmann, were more likely to be restricted from litter areas to prevent floor eggs, and were less likely to use the outside range. 5. Cluster analysis indicated that feather pecking was not associated with any particular husbandry system. 6. The only influential risk factor significant in the multivariable conditional logistic regression analysis was use of the outdoor range. The risk of feather pecking was reduced 9-fold in flocks where more than 20% of birds used the range on sunny days (odds ratio = 0.12). Use of the range was positively associated with the presence of trees and/or hedges on the range.
	Address	Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, England. c.j.nicol@bris.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0007-1668	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:14584840			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	79
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	Author	Jansen, W.L.; van Alphen, M.; Berghout, M.; Everts, H.; Beynen, A.C.
	Title	An approach to assessment of the efficiency of dietary energy utilization by horses and ponies kept at riding schools			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	The Veterinary quarterly	Abbreviated Journal	Vet Q
	Volume	23	Issue	4	Pages	195-198
	Keywords	Animal Feed; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Body Weight; Dietary Fats; Dietary Fiber; Energy Intake; Energy Metabolism; Female; Horses/physiology; Male
	Abstract	The ratio of calculated net energy intake (NEi) to calculate net energy requirement (NEr) might serve as an indicator of the efficiency of dietary energy utilization. The ratio was determined for 93 horses and ponies from 10 riding schools. For each animal with an assumed constant body weight, energy intake and energy requirements were assessed. On average, the estimated NEi was 14% greater than NEr. There was a significant, negative association between crude fibre intake and the NEi: NEr ratio. Earlier work indicated that extra fat intake may lead to over estimation of the calculated energy value of the ration due to changes in macronutrient digestibility. Dietary fat concentration was found to range from 32 to 52 g/kg dry matter (5 to 6 g/MJ net energy), but on the basis of digestibility trials this range in fat concentration is too small to significantly influence the NEi: NEr ratio. This study shows that assessment of the efficiency of dietary energy utilization under normal conditions, on the basis of the NEi: NEr ratio is fraught with uncertainty.
	Address	Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary, Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0165-2176	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11765239			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1807
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	Author	Ionita, J.C.; Poncet, P.A.; Doherr, M.G.; Steiger, A.
	Title	[Evaluation of the quality of husbandry of Franches-Montagnes horses in their breeding farms]			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde	Abbreviated Journal	Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd
	Volume	148	Issue	4	Pages	191-197
	Keywords	Animal Husbandry/methods/standards/statistics & numerical data; Animal Welfare; Animals; Breeding/methods/standards; Female; Floors and Floorcoverings; Horses/physiology; Housing, Animal/*standards; Male; Poaceae; Questionnaires; Social Behavior; Switzerland
	Abstract	The quality of husbandry of Franches-Montagnes horses (FM) in Switzerland is evaluated on the basis of an investigation carried out in 2002 by the Swiss FM breeding federation. Questionnaires were sent to 3500 of its members and the results include data from 968 breeding enterprises, housing a total of 3965 FM: 46.1% were breeding mares (61.0% with foal at foot), 26.5% young stock, 1.3% stallions and 26.0% non breeding stock (74.6% of which were pleasure horses and 25.4% working horses). 57.6% of the FM were housed in individual boxes with or without permanent outdoor access, 25.4% were hold in groups with or without permanent outdoor access, the remaining 17.0% were kept in standing stalls. 95.0% of the FM had at least visual contact with other equines and 99.2% had sufficient light in their stable. 88.1% were stabled on long stalk straw, while only 4.3% were bedded on other materials other than straw. The average time spent at pasture per horse and per week ranged from 96.5 +/- 51.6 hours in summer to 27.2 +/- 26.7 hours in winter. On average, a FM is used for 8.3 +/- 6.5 hours per week. Horses with an paddock at their disposal spend an average of 39.8 +/- 45.9 hours there per week.
	Address	Chirurgische Tierklinik, Universitat Leipzig
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	French	Summary Language		Original Title	Les conditions de detention des chevaux de race franches-montagnes dans leurs exploitations d'elevage
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0036-7281	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16703760			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1872
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	Author	Poncet, P.A.; Ionita, J.C.; Doherr, M.G.; Steiger, A.
	Title	[The influence of the socio-economic structure of the breeding farms of Franches-Montagnes horses on the conditions of husbandry]			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde	Abbreviated Journal	Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd
	Volume	148	Issue	4	Pages	183-189
	Keywords	Altitude; Animal Husbandry/methods/standards; Animals; Breeding/economics/standards; Demography; Female; Horses/physiology; Housing, Animal/standards; Male; Physical Conditioning, Animal/methods/*physiology; Questionnaires; Social Behavior; Socioeconomic Factors; Switzerland
	Abstract	The socio-economic structure of the breeding farms of Franches-Montagnes horses (FM) in Switzerland is evaluated on the basis of an investigation carried out in 2002 by the Swiss FM breeding federation. Questionnaires were sent to 3500 of its members and the results include data from 968 breeding enterprises, housing a total of 3965 FM. The quality of the husbandry of FM varies according to factors such as the altitude and the geographical situation of the farms and studs. Socio-economic parameters, such as the role of FM in the business, their use (breeding, driving, riding) and the age and level of professional education of the owners may also have an effect on standards of husbandry. The results show that the owners for whom FM represent a source of income more frequently keep their horses in standing stalls, but give them more time to exercise at liberty than the horses belonging to amateur breeders. Younger and better educated breeders are more likely to house their animals in groups.
	Address	Haras national suisse, Avenches
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	French	Summary Language		Original Title	L'influence de la structure socio-economique des exploitations d'elevage de chevaux de race franches-montagnes sur les conditions de detention
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0036-7281	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16703759			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1873
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	Author	Husted, L.; Andersen, M.S.; Borggaard, O.K.; Houe, H.; Olsen, S.N.
	Title	Risk factors for faecal sand excretion in Icelandic horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Equine Veterinary Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	37	Issue	4	Pages	351-355
	Keywords	Animal Feed; Animal Husbandry/methods; Animals; Denmark; Feces/chemistry; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases/epidemiology/etiology/prevention & control/veterinary; Horse Diseases/epidemiology/etiology/prevention & control; Horses/metabolism; Logistic Models; Male; Pilot Projects; Poaceae/growth & development; Risk Factors; Silicon Dioxide/administration & dosage/adverse effects/analysis; Soil/*analysis
	Abstract	REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Sandy soil is often mentioned as a risk factor in the development of sand-related gastrointestinal disease (SGID) in the horse. There are other variables, but few studies confirm any of these. OBJECTIVE: To investigate soil type, pasture quality, feeding practice in the paddock, age, sex and body condition score as risk factors for sand intake in the horse. METHODS: Faeces were collected from 211 Icelandic horses on 19 different studs in Denmark together with soil samples and other potential risk factors. Sand content in faeces determined by a sand sedimentation test was interpreted as evidence of sand intake. Soil types were identified by soil analysis and significance of the data was tested using logistic analysis. RESULTS: Of horses included in the study, 56.4% showed sand in the faeces and 5.7% had more than 5 mm sand as quantified by the rectal sleeve sedimentation test. Soil type had no significant effect when tested as main effect, but there was interaction between soil type and pasture quality. Significant interactions were also found between paddock feeding practice and pasture quality. CONCLUSION: To evaluate the risk of sand intake it is important to consider 3 variables: soil type, pasture quality and feeding practice. Pasture quality was identified as a risk factor of both short and long grass in combination with sandy soil, while clay soil had the lowest risk in these combinations. Feeding practice in the paddock revealed feeding directly on the ground to be a risk factor when there was short (1-5 cm) or no grass. Also, no feeding outdoors increased the risk on pastures with short grass, while this had no effect in paddocks with no grass. More than 50% of all horses investigated in this study had sand in the faeces. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: The identification of risk factors is an important step towards prevention of SGID. Further research is necessary to determine why some horses exhibit more than 5 mm sand in the sedimentation test and whether this is correlated with geophagic behaviour.
	Address	Department of Large Animal Sciences, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Dyrlaegevej 88, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16028626			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1888
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	Author	Waran, N.K.
	Title	Can studies of feral horse behaviour be used for assessing domestic horse welfare?			Type
	Year	1997	Publication	Equine Veterinary Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	29	Issue	4	Pages	249-251
	Keywords	Animal Husbandry/methods; Animal Welfare; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; Behavior, Animal; Horses/*psychology; Social Behavior
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15338901			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	1936
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	Author	Young, L.E.; Rogers, K.; Wood, J.L.N.
	Title	Left ventricular size and systolic function in Thoroughbred racehorses and their relationships to race performance			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)	Abbreviated Journal	J Appl Physiol
	Volume	99	Issue	4	Pages	1278-1285
	Keywords	Adaptation, Physiological; Aging/physiology; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Echocardiography; Female; Heart/physiology; Heart Ventricles; Horses/physiology; Male; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Running/physiology; Stroke Volume; Systole; Task Performance and Analysis
	Abstract	Cardiac morphology in human athletes is known to differ, depending on the sports-specific endurance component of their events, whereas anecdotes abound about superlative athletes with large hearts. As the heart determines stroke volume and maximum O(2) uptake in mammals, we undertook a study to test the hypothesis that the morphology of the equine heart would differ between trained horses, depending on race type, and that left ventricular size would be greatest in elite performers. Echocardiography was performed in 482 race-fit Thoroughbreds engaged in either flat (1,000-2,500 m) or jump racing (3,200-6,400 m). Body weight and sex-adjusted measures of left ventricular size were largest in horses engaged in jump racing over fixed fences, compared with horses running shorter distances on the flat (range 8-16%). The observed differences in cardiac morphologies suggest that subtle differences in training and competition result in cardiac adaptations that are appropriate to the endurance component of the horses' event. Derived left ventricular mass was strongly associated with published rating (quality) in horses racing over longer distances in jump races (P < or = 0.001), but less so for horses in flat races. Rather, left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular mass combined were positively associated with race rating in older flat racehorses running over sprint (<1,408 m) and longer distances (>1,408 m), explaining 25-35% of overall variation in performance, as well as being closely associated with performance in longer races over jumps (23%). These data provide the first direct evidence that cardiac size influences athletic performance in a group of mammalian running athletes.
	Address	Centre for Equine Studies, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK. lesley.young@aht.org.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	8750-7587	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15920096			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3768
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