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	Author	Heyes, C.M.
	Title	Transformation and associative theories of imitation.			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2002	Publication	Imitation in animals and artefacts	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	501-523
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	MIT Press	Place of Publication	Cambridge, MA.	Editor	Dautenhahn, K. ; Nehaniv, C. L.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5602
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	Author	Rehage; C.
	Title	Klinische Symptomatik und Einfluss eines Nasennetzes auf die Leistung von Turnierpferden mit Headshaking			Type	Manuscript
	Year	2007	Publication	Dissertation	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover	Place of Publication	Hannover	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5631
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	Author	Schneider, A.-C.; Melis, A.P.; Tomasello, M.
	Title	How chimpanzees solve collective action problems			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2012	Publication	Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	We presented small groups of chimpanzees with two collective action situations, in which action was necessary for reward but there was a disincentive for individuals to act owing to the possibility of free-riding on the efforts of others. We found that in simpler scenarios (experiment 1) in which group size was small, there was a positive relationship between rank and action with more dominant individuals volunteering to act more often, particularly when the reward was less dispersed. Social tolerance also seemed to mediate action whereby higher tolerance levels within a group resulted in individuals of lower ranks sometimes acting and appropriating more of the reward. In more complex scenarios, when group size was larger and cooperation was necessary (experiment 2), overcoming the problem was more challenging. There was highly significant variability in the action rates of different individuals as well as between dyads, suggesting success was more greatly influenced by the individual personalities and personal relationships present in the group.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5629
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	Author	Groesel, M.; Zsoldos, R.R.; Kotschwar, A.; Gfoehler, M.; Peham, C.
	Title	A preliminary model study of the equine back including activity of longissimus dorsi muscle			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Equine Veterinary Journal	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	42	Issue		Pages	401-406
	Keywords	horse; back movement; biomechanical model; longissimus dorsi; lateral bending
	Abstract	Reasons for performing study: Identifying the underlying problem of equine back pain and diseases of the spine are significant problems in veterinary orthopaedics. A study to validate a preliminary biomechanical model of the equine back based on CT images including longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle is therefore important. Objectives: Validation of the back model by comparing the shortening of LD muscles in the model with integrated EMG (IEMG) at stance during induced lateral flexion of the spine. Methods:Longissimus dorsi muscle activity at stance has been used for validation. EMG electrodes were placed laterally at the level of T12, T16 and L3. Reflective markers have been attached on top of the spinous processes T5, T12, T16, L1 and the sacral bone (OS1, OS2) for motion tracking analysis. A virtual model of the equine's back (T1–S5) was built with inclusion of a simplified LD muscle by 2 separate contours left and right of the spine, starting at tuber coxae laterally and attaching to the spinous process T5 medially. Shortening of LD during induced lateral flexion caused by the kinematic data (input) was compared to the 3 EMG signals (T12, T16 and L3) on the active side via correlation. Results: Pearson correlation coefficient between IEMG and shortening length of LD in the model was (mean ± s.d.) 0.95 ± 0.07 for the left side and 0.91 ± 0.07 for the right side of LD. Conclusions: Activity of the LD muscles is mainly responsible for stabilisation of the vertebral column with isometric muscle contraction against dynamic forces in walk and trot. This validation requires muscle shortening in the back, like induced lateral flexion at stance. The length of the shortening muscle model and the IEMG show a linear relationship. These findings will help to model the LD for forward simulations, e.g. from force to motion.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Blackwell Publishing Ltd	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2042-3306	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5675
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	Author	Schnerr, C. U.
	Title	Feldstudie zur Epidemiologie und Bekämpfung von Strongyliden in Pferdebeständen im Raum Baden- Württemberg			Type	Manuscript
	Year	2011	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	In der Zeit von April 2005 bis März 2006 wurden bei 105 Pferden monatlich koprologische Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Die Pferde waren zu zwei Drittel Jungtiere (≤ 4 Jahre) und ein Drittel > 4 Jahre. Die zur Verfügung stehenden vier Betriebe befanden sich alle im Raum Baden-Württemberg. Die Kotproben wurden mit Hilfe der Flotation auf Magen-Darmnematoden untersucht und anschließend einer quantitativen Eizahlbestimmung nach Mc Master unterzogen. Ab einem Eigehalt von 250 Eiern pro Gramm Kot (EpG) wurden die Pferde entsprechend der Gruppenzugehörigkeit entweder mit Pyrantel oder Ivermectin behandelt. Es wurden bei 73 Pferden ausschließlich Strongylideneier nachgewiesen; bei vier Pferden waren in der Flotation zusätzlich Eier von Parascaris equorum zu finden. Bei 28 (26,7%) der untersuchten Pferde wurden in keiner der 12 untersuchten Proben Eier von Magen-Darmnematoden nachgewiesen. Insgesamt mussten 57 (54,3%) der Pferde über den gesamten Untersuchungszeitraum hinweg nicht behandelt werden. 48 (45,7%) Pferde mussten mindestens einmal anthelminthisch behandelt werden. Kein Pferd musste häufiger als dreimal behandelt werden. In den Monaten August bis November war der Anteil an positiven Proben der Jungtiere signifikant höher als bei den Pferden > 4 Jahre. Innerhalb der Jungtiergruppe nahm die Höhe der Strongyliden-Eiausscheidung mit zunehmendem Alter signifikant ab. Ebenso nahm die Anzahl der positiven Proben im Laufe des Untersuchungszeitraums signifikant ab. Die beiden zur Entwurmung eingesetzten Substanzen (Pyrantel und Ivermectin) waren voll wirksam. In 98,8% der untersuchten Proben war ein Rückgang der Ei-Ausscheidung noch vier Wochen nach der Behandlung auf 0 EpG nachweisbar, d. h. es gab keinerlei Anzeichen für das Vorliegen von Resistenzen gegen die eingesetzten Substanzen. Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen sind ein weiterer Beweis dafür, dass mit Hilfe der selektiven anthelminthischen Behandlung die Anzahl der Entwurmungen – insbesondere auch bei Jungtieren – deutlich gesenkt werden kann. Die Eiausscheidung und damit die Weidekontamination werden mit Hilfe dieses Verfahrens deutlich reduziert. [Between April 2005 and March 2006 monthly koprological examinations where carried out on 105 horses. Two third of the horses were young animals (≤ 4 years) and a third were > 4 years old. The four farms on hand were all located in the Baden- Württemberg area. Faecal samples were examined for gastro-intestinal nematodes by means of flotation and subsequently subjected to an egg-quantity counting according to Mc Master. Starting from an egg content of 250 eggs per gram faeces (EpG), the horses were treated with either Pyrantel or Ivermectin according to their group affiliation. In 73 horses solely Strongyle eggs were detected; the flotation of four horses additionaly showed eggs of Parascaris equorum. In 28 (26,7%) of the examined horses none of the 12 examined samples showed eggs of gastro-intestinal nematodes. Overall 57 (54,3%) horses didn´t need any treatment during the total examination cycle. 48 (45,7%) of the horses needed at least one anthelminthic treatment. None of the horses needed to be treated more than three times. From August to November the rate of positive samples within the group of young animals was significantly higher than in the horses > 4 years. Whithin the group of young animals the level of Strongyle egg excretions dropped significantly with advancing age. Likewise, the number of positive samples also dropped significantly in the course of the examination cycle. Both substances (Pyrantel and Ivermectin) applied for deworming were fully effective. Even a further 4 weeks after treatment the examined sample showed a drop of egg excretion to 0 EpG in 98,8% of the samples, in other words there were no signs of prevailing resistance appearances towards the applied substance. The present studies are further proof that the number of dewormings-especially in young animals can be distinctly reduced by means of selective anthelminthic treatments. Egg excretion and therewith pasture land contamination can be clearly reduced by means of this procedure.]
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis	Ph.D. thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5722
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	Author	Fabritius, C.
	Title	Sozialstruktur einer Herde Islandpferde bei Veränderung der Gruppenzusammenstellung			Type	Manuscript
	Year	2009	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	Die Domestikation des Pferdes begann wahrscheinlich etwa 5500 v. Chr. in Südosteuropa. In Mitteleuropa traten circa 3000 v. Chr. die ersten Hauspferde auf. Grundsätzlich wird davon ausgegangen, dass sich die Ansprüche des Pferdes hinsichtlich der Lebensbedingungen, welche sich im Laufe der Evolution über Millionen von Jahren entwickelt haben, in der Obhut des Menschen nicht wesentlich geändert haben. Für Pferde typisch ist das Leben im Sozialverband, der Herde (Zeitler-Feicht 2008). Diese wird auch in den Leitlinien der Sachverständigengruppe tierschutzgerechte Pferdehaltung (10. November 1995) empfohlen, sofern es nicht durch zu häufigen Wechsel im Bestand zu einem Übermaß an Stress und agonistischen Aktionen kommt. Ziel der Arbeit war es, anhand eines nach der Literatur erstellten Ethogramms des Sozialverhaltens des Pferdes, herauszufinden, inwieweit Änderungen der Gruppenstruktur die sozialen Beziehungen beeinflussten. Die Fragestellung bezog sich auf eine Herde in Offenstallhaltung. Um die eventuellen Veränderungen der sozialen Interaktionen zu untersuchen, wurde erst die vorhandene Gruppenstruktur der Herde festgestellt. Danach wurde ein Individuum aus der Herde entfernt und ein anderes dazugestellt. Anschließend wurde die Gesamtgruppe in zwei Untergruppen geteilt und nach einem gewissen Zeitraum erneut zusammengeführt. Dabei wurden jeweils die Interaktionen der Pferde anhand des Ethogramms beobachtet, aufgezeichnet und protokolliert. Untersuchungsgegenstand war eine Herde Islandpferde, die in einer Ausgangsgruppe von 16 Tieren gehalten wurde. Die Beschreibung einer sozialen Ordnung im Allgemeinen und einer Rangordnung im Besonderen wird in vielen Studien ausschließlich auf der Basis der Beobachtung und Bewertung offensiv aggressiver Verhaltenselemente durchgeführt. Aggressives Verhalten muss hingegen im Gegensatz zu Verhaltensweisen, die die Anerkennung des sozialen Status des anderen Pferdes bedeuten, wie Abwenden oder Meiden, nicht notwendigerweise ein Anzeichen von Dominanz über ein anderes Tier bedeuten (Van Hoof u. Wensing 1987, Schilder 1988). Ein weiterer Aspekt dieser Arbeit sollte sein, eine Möglichkeit zu finden, die Sozialstruktur auch auf der Grundlage defensiver und soziopositiver Verhaltenselemente zu definieren.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis	Ph.D. thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Hannover	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5727
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	Author	Tang, Akaysha C.
	Title	A hippocampal theory of cerebral lateralization.			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2003	Publication	The asymmetrical brain	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	37-68
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	MIT Press	Place of Publication	Massechusetts	Editor	Hugdahl K. and Davidson R.J.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	0-262-58254-6	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5753
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	Author	Zeitler-Feicht, M. H.; Walker, S.; Buxade, C.; Reiter, K.
	Title	Untersuchungen verschiedener Formen der Heuvorlage bei Pferden unter ethologischem Aspekt			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2004	Publication	KTBL Schriften	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	437	Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5764
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	Author	Brinkmann, L.; Gerken, M.; Hambly, C.; Speakman, J.R.; Riek, A.
	Title	Saving energy during hard times: Energetic adaptations of Shetland pony mares			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2014	Publication	The Journal of Experimental Biology	Abbreviated Journal	J. Exp. Biol.
	Volume	217	Issue		Pages	4320-4327
	Keywords
	Abstract	Recent results suggest that wild Northern herbivores reduce their metabolism during times of low ambient temperatures and food shortage in order to reduce their energetic needs. It is however not known if domesticated animals are also able to reduce their energy expenditure. We exposed ten Shetland pony mares to different environmental conditions (summer and winter) and to two food quantities (60 and 100% of maintenance energy requirement, respectively) during low winter temperatures to examine energetic and behavioural responses. In summer ponies showed a considerably higher field metabolic rate (FMR) (63.4±15.0 MJ d-1) compared to restrictively fed and control animals in winter (24.6±7.8 MJ d-1 and 15.0±1.1 MJ d-1, respectively). During summer conditions locomotor activity, resting heart rates and total water turnover were considerably elevated (P<0.001) compared to winter. Restrictively fed animals (N=5) compensated for the decreased energy supply by reducing their FMR by 26% compared to control animals (N=5). Furthermore, resting heart rate, body mass and body condition score were lower (29.2±2.7 beats min-1; 140±22 kg; 3.0±1.0 points) than in control animals (36.8±41 beats min-1; 165 ±31 kg; 4.4±0.7 points; P<0.05). While the observed behaviour did not change, nocturnal hypothermia was elevated. We conclude that ponies acclimatize to different climatic conditions by changing their metabolic rate, behaviour and some physiological parameters. When exposed to energy challenges, ponies, like wild herbivores, exhibited hypometabolism and nocturnal hypothermia.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1242/jeb.111815			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5836
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	Author	Lovrovich, P.; Sighieri, C.; Baragli, P.
	Title	Following human-given cues or not? Horses (Equus caballus) get smarter and change strategy in a delayed three choice task			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2015	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	166	Issue		Pages	80-88
	Keywords
	Abstract	Highlights �Horses remember the location of food hidden by the experimenter after a delay. �They understand the communicative meaning of a human positioned close to the target. �The same horses are capable of changing their decision-making strategy. �They are able to shift from accuracy inferred from human given cues to speed. �Horses can use human cues or not depending on time, cost, experience and reward. Abstract To date, horses have seemed capable of using human local enhancement cues only when the experimenter remains close to the reward, since they fail to understand the communicative meaning of the human as momentary local enhancement cue (when the human is not present at the moment of the animal's choice). This study was designed to analyse the ability of horses to understand, remember and use human-given cues in a delayed (10 s) three-choice task. Twelve horses (experimental group) had to find a piece of carrot hidden under one of three overturned buckets after seeing the experimenter hide it. The results were then compared with those of a control group (twelve horses) that had to find the carrot using only the sense of smell or random attempts. At the beginning, the experimental horses made more correct choices at the first attempt, although they took more time to find the carrot. Later the same horses were less accurate but found the carrot in less time. This suggests that the value of the proximal momentary local enhancement cues became less critical. It seemed, in fact, that the experimental and control group had aligned their behaviour as the trials proceeded. Despite this similarity, in the second half of the trials, the experimental group tended to first approach the bucket where they had found the carrot in the immediately preceding trial. Our findings indicate that horses are capable of remembering the location of food hidden by the experimenter after a delay, by using the human positioned close to the target as valuable information. The same horses are also capable of changing their decision-making strategy by shifting from the accuracy inferred from human given cues to speed. Therefore, horses are able to decide whether or not to use human given-cues, depending on a speed-accuracy trade-off.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Elsevier	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2015.02.017			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5849
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