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Author |
Merkies, K.; Isensee, A.; MacGregor, H.; Koenig von Borstel, U.; Tucker, A.; Carson. J.; Bergeron, R. |
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Title |
Influence of psychological and physiological arousal in humans on horse heart rate and behaviour |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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in press |
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horse-human interaction, heart rate, behaviour, human nervousness |
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The interaction of horses with humans is a dynamic state, but it is not clearly understood how horses perceive humans. Nervousness is transmissible from humans to horses indicated by increased horse heart rate (HR), however no studies have investigated whether horses can differentiate between humans who are physiologicallystressed (eg. after exercising) as opposed to psychologically-stressed (eg. feeling nervous/afraid). Horses (N=10) were randomly subjected to each of four treatments: 1) no human [control], 2) a calm human comfortable around horses [CALM; N=2 humans], 3) a physically-stressed human [PHYS; human exercised to reach 70% of maximum HR; N=2 humans], and 4) a psychologically-stressed human [PSYCH; human who was nervous around horses; N=14 humans]. Humans ranked themselves on a scale of 1-10 for their nervousness around horses. Both humans and horses were equipped with a HR monitor. Behavioural observations of the horses [gait, head position relative to the withers, distance from human, orientation toward human] were recorded live. Horses were allowed to wander loose in a round pen for 5 minutes of baseline recordings, at which time the human subject entered the round pen, stood in the centre and placed a blindfold over his/her eyes. The human remained in the centre of the round pen for an additional 5 minutes. Horse HR during control did not differ from when the human was present in the CALM and PSYCH treatment, and was lower during the PHYS treatment (51a vs 54a vs 55a vs 45b bpm for control, CALM, PSYCH and PHYS respectively; a,b differ p<0.0001). Over the 5 minute test period, horse HR decreased in PHYS and PSYCH (p<0.01) whereas it increased in CALM (p<0.0001). Horse HR decreased with increasing human rank of nervousness around horses (p=0.0156), and horses stood nearer to the human when they faced the human (p<0.0001) regardless of treatment. Horses moved at a faster gait in the control treatment, and their gait was slowest in the PSYCH treatment (p<0.0001), and the horse’s head position was lower in the PHYS and PSYCH treatments compared to CALM or baseline (p< 0.0001). A lower horse head position was positively correlated to a lower horse HR (p<0.0001) and negatively correlated to horse age (p<0.0001). Human HR was affected by treatment, with PHYS having the highest HR (p<0.0001). Human HR increased when the horse was facing away from the human, even though the human was blindfolded (p=0.0395). Overall, horses appear to be influenced by the physiological and psychological state of a human without any direct contact. Horses’ posture does reflect their physiological state. Understanding how horses react to human physiological and psychological states is especially important in equine-assisted activities, where the response of the horse has specific implications for the human participant. |
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Isensee, A. |
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Xenophon Publishing |
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Wald |
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Krueger, K. |
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978-3-9808134-26 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5545 |
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Author |
Zeitler-Feicht, M.H.; Streit, S. |
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Title |
Checkpunkte für eine tiergerechte Fütterung von Pferden an Abrufautomaten |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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In der Offenstallhaltung von Pferden wird für die individuelle Fütterung der Fressstand, der eine art-typische synchrone Nahrungsaufnahme erlaubt, empfohlen (BMELV 2009). Seit einigen Jahren kommen jedoch vermehrt Abrufstationen für Kraft- und Raufutter zum Einsatz. Diese ermöglichen nur ein asynchrones Fressen, was das Risiko für Auseinandersetzungen im Fressbereich erhöht.
In einer repräsentativen Studie an insgesamt 567 individuell unterschiedenen Pferden in 32 Offen-laufställen mit Abrufstationen und 10 Betrieben mit Fressständen wurden die Aufenthaltsdauer und Besuchshäufigkeit sowie das Droh- und Meideverhalten der Pferde im Fütterungsbereich und die Häu-figkeit von Blockaden erfasst, des Weiteren Herzfrequenz und Integumentverletzungen. Fazit war, dass es an den Abrufstationen doppelt so oft zu Auseinandersetzungen kam als an den Fressständen. Als Ursache hierfür konnte die starke Frequentierung der Automaten eruiert werden. Umso wichtiger ist somit die tiergerechte Ausführung der Abrufautomaten. In der Studie konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass Durchlaufstationen pferdegerechter sind als Rücklaufstationen. Als nicht tiergerecht wurden Stationen mit Strom führender Austreibehilfe.eingestuft. Die für das fressende Pferd als verhaltens-gerecht empfohlene Variante (Fressstand mit Eingangssperre und ohne Austreibehilfe) führte zu einer Erhöhung der Besuchshäufigkeit und Aufenthaltsdauer und somit auch zu einer erhöhten Anzahl an Drohgesten je Tier und Tag. Die Herzfrequenz lag im Wartebereich bei den meisten Pferden im physio-logischen Bereich (45,1 ± 12,42 Schläge/min), erhöhte sich jedoch in der Abrufstation um ca. 20 Schlä-ge/min. Einige Tiere zeigten möglicherweise stressbedingt auffallend hohe Herzfrequenzwerte ( 100 Schläge/min). Integumentverletzungen im Zusammenhang mit dem Fütterungssystem traten nicht auf. Das Flächengebot und die Konzeption der Offenstallanlage sowie das Management erwiesen sich als maßgebliche Einflussfaktoren auf alle überprüften Kriterien zur Tiergerechtheit.
Um die Anzahl an Auseinandersetzungen im Fütterungsbereich von Abrufstationen zu mindern wird eine Reduzierung der Fütterungshäufigkeit von üblicherweise bis zu 24 Mahlzeiten auf nur 10 Mahlzeiten empfohlen, gemäß dem natürlichen Fressrhythmus von Pferden. Unabhängig vom Fütterungssystem traten die wenigsten Auseinandersetzungen auf, wenn die Pferde täglich etwa 1,5 kg Heu pro 100 kg Körpermasse erhielten bei zusätzlicher ad Libitum Fütterung von Stroh.
Nach bisherigen Erkenntnissen ergeben sich nachfolgende Checkpoints für Abrufautomaten:
Checkpunkte für Abrufstationen
 Schutz des Pferdes durch Trennwände über die gesamte Körperlänge
 Trennwände mit Sichtkontakt zu den anderen Pferden
 Durchlaufstationen mit separatem Ein- und Ausgang
 Eingangssperre für eine stressfreie Futteraufnahme
 Ausgang mit Pendeltüre und Rücklaufsperre
 Ausgang in einen anderen Funktionsbereich
 Ausreichend Ausweichmöglichkeiten für rangniedere Tiere
 Räumliche Trennung von Kraftfutter- und Heuautomaten
 Maximal je 10 Kraft- und Grobfutterrationen je Tier und Tag
 ≥ 1,5 kg Heu bzw. Heulage pro 100 kg Körpermasse je Pferd und Tag
 Stroh zur freien Verfügung (Möglichkeit zum synchronen Fressen)
 Individuelles Anlernen der Pferde am Automaten erforderlich |
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Zeitler-Feicht, M.H. |
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Xenophon Publishing |
Place of Publication |
Wald |
Editor |
Krueger, K. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5568 |
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Author |
Kultus, K.; Balzer, H.-U. |
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Title |
Untersuchungen zur Mensch-Pferd-Beziehung |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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in press |
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Abstract Missing KW - |
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Kultus, K. |
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Xenophon Publishing |
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Wald |
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Krueger, K. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5569 |
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Bouskila, A.; de Vries, H.; Hermans, Z.M.; van Dierendonck, M. |
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Title |
Leadership roles in movements of free-roaming Konik horses (Equus caballus) in a Dutch reserve |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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We observed the activity and movements of Konik horses (Equus caballus) in order to determine the initiators of movements and the individuals taking the lead in movements of the main groups. We conducted our observations between March-June 2010 along the shores of the Rhine river, in the Blauwe Kamer reserve, in the Netherlands. The horses were introduced to the reserve alongside with cattle to prevent the growth of the forest and maintain the grass habitat. We videotaped all observations on two digital video cameras, one providing the general view of the group and the other scanning and focusing on the individuals, to aid with identification. Horses were recognized based on individual profiles that were created for each one, consisting of photos of both sides and notes of the main characters, such as orientation and coloration of the mane, prominent scars and markings, etc. Twenty three horses (not counting foals) were organized in two harem groups with 11 individuals (two of which were dominant stallions) in the large group and six individuals (one of which was a stallion) in the second group. These two main groups were always within sight of each other, and two bachelor males moved usually in their vicinity. An additional group of three young bachelor males roamed elsewhere in the reserve. We divided the movements of the horses to local movements while grazing and to long-distance movements, in which the horses moved to a different grazing location, to a pond of water, resting area or groups of trees that were used by the horses for scratching themselves. During the local movements, any two of the three oldest females in the large harem group were enough to cause the whole group to follow them and gradually change position within the pasture. The smaller harem always followed the large harem’s movements. The long-distance movements of the large harem were sometimes initiated by one of the harem stallions that herded their group and at other times – by the oldest females. Soon after the movement was clearly initiated, the dominant stallions positioned themselves in the back of the group or in the center and had no influence on the direction of move that was only determined by the leading females. In the long-distance movements too, the small harem followed the large harem group, and the two bachelor males usually followed behind them. Social interactions included aggressive interactions between the two dominant males within the large harem or between dominant stallions and the two bachelor males accompanying the two harems. In addition, dominant males courting or attempting to mate with mares sometimes caused a turmoil that eventually initiated movement of the harems. KW - |
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Bouskila, A. |
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Xenophon Publishing |
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Wald |
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Krueger, K.; |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5592 |
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Author |
Flauger, B.; Krueger, K.; Gerhards, H.; Moestl, E. |
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Measurement of glucocorticoid metabolites in horse faeces: the validation of different group specific enzymeimmunoassays and extraction methods. |
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2009 |
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Proceeding of the 102. Annual meeting of the Deutsche Zoologische Gesellschaft (DZG). |
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166 |
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Dt. Zoologische Ges |
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München |
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Cremer,S.;Schrempf,A.;Heinze,J. |
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978-3-00-028368-0 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5718 |
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Streit, S.; Zeitler-Feicht, M. H.; Dempfle, L. |
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Gibt es in der Gruppenhaltung von Pferden bei der Abruffütterung am Automaten mehr Auseinandersetzungen als bei der Fütterung in Fressständen? [Keeping horses in groups, are there more confrontations when feeding is done with automatic feeding systems than with feeding stalls?] |
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2008 |
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KTBL-Schriften |
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471 |
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Das Droh- und Meideverhalten von 270 Pferden wurde im Fressbereich von 10 Offenlaufställen
mit Fressständen und 11 Offenlaufställen mit computergesteuerten Abrufstationen
anhand von visuellen kontinuierlichen Direktbeobachtungen erfasst. Diese erfolgten je Betrieb
über einen 24-Stunden-Tag, der nach dem Tortenstückverfahren (6x4 Stunden) zusammengesetzt
war.
Insgesamt wurden 6297 agonistische Verhaltensweisen in, vor und hinter den
Fütterungseinrichtungen registriert (Meiden 40,6 %, Verdrängen 12,8 %, Beißen/ Hinterhandschlag/
Angehen 12,7 % und Drohen/ Drohbeißen/ Hinterhanddrohen 33,9 %). In den
Futterstationen wurden 22,5 % dieses Verhaltens beobachtet, vor und hinter den Futterstationen
77,5 %. Bei den Betrieben mit Fressständen fanden 31 % der agonistischen Verhaltensweisen
in den Ständen statt, bei den Betrieben mit Abruffütterung 21 %.
Der Einfl uss des einzelnen Betriebes (innerhalb Fütterungssystem) auf die agonistischen
Verhaltensweisen vor und hinter den Fütterungseinrichtungen war signifi kant. Die Auswertung
ergab, dass Drohgesten im Wartebereich von Abrufstationen häufi ger auftreten
als in dem von Fressständen. Demgegenüber können Pferde in Abrufstationen ungestörter
fressen. Insgesamt betrachtet war jedoch die Anzahl an sozionegativen Interaktionen im
Bereich der Futtereinrichtungen bei beiden Fütterungssystemen gering. Die agonistischen
Verhaltensweisen wurden zusätzlich noch von der Heumenge und dem Konstitutionstyp
beeinfl usst.
Der Betrieb erwies sich als maßgeblicher Einfl ussfaktor. Als Resümee ergibt sich, dass
bei ordnungsgemäßer Gruppenhaltung mit fachgerechtem Management beide Fütterungssysteme
für Pferde im Offenlaufstall geeignet sind.
[The threatening and avoiding behaviour of 270 horses living in run-out sheds was observed
at 10 stables with feeding stalls and at 11 stables with automatic feeding systems for hay
and concentrates. Every group of horses was observed on five succeeding days visually
and immediately for 6 sessions, each of 4 hours. These 6 slices form together 24 hours, a
complete day.
Altogether, 6297 agonistic behaviour patterns were registered in front of, inside and
behind the feeding stations (avoiding behaviour 40.6 %, edging out of others 12.8 %,
Auseinandersetzungen an automatischer Abruffütterung und Fressständen
KTBL-Schrift 471 79
biting/rear leg kicking/charging 12.7 % und threatening/biting threats/rear leg kicking
threats 33.9 %). 22.5 % of these types of behaviour were recorded in the feeding stations,
77.5 % together in front and behind of these. In the stables with feeding stalls there were
31 % of the observed threatening gestures inside the feeding stations, in the stables with
automatic feeders only 21 %.
The individual farm showed signifi cant infl uence on the modes of agonistic behaviour
in front and behind the feeding facilities. Threatening gestures happen more often in the
waiting area of automatic feeders than in that of feeding stalls. On the other hand horses
in computer controlled systems will be less disturbed at eating. All together the number
of negative interactions in the feeding area at both feeding systems was relatively low.
In addition the agonistic behaviour was infl uenced by the quantity of hay and the constitutional
typ of the horses.
Because of the management of the individual stable exercises the most substantial
infl uence on the behaviour of the horses, it can be said, that, correct group keeping with
professional management provided, both feeding systems are suitable for horses in run-in
sheds.] |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5763 |
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Zeitler-Feicht, M. H.; Walker, S.; Buxade, C.; Reiter, K. |
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Untersuchungen verschiedener Formen der Heuvorlage bei Pferden unter ethologischem Aspekt |
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2004 |
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KTBL Schriften |
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437 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5764 |
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Zeitler-Feicht, M.H.; Streit, S.; Dempfle, L. |
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Abrufautomaten für Pferde im Offenlaufstall im Vergleich – Besuchshäufigkeit, Aufenthaltsdauer und Anzahl an Auseinandersetzungen [A comparison of automatic feeding systems for horses in run-out-sheds – frequency of visit, duration of stay and number of conflicts] |
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Book Chapter |
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2009 |
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KTBL-Schrift |
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479 |
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In 32 Offenlaufställen mit computergesteuerten Abrufstationen wurden die Aufenthaltsdauer
und Besuchshäufigkeit sowie das Droh- und Meideverhalten von 439 Pferden im
Füttererungsbereich erfasst. Je Betrieb erfolgten visuelle kontinuierliche Direktbeobachtungen
nach dem Tortenstückverfahren (6 x 4 Stunden) für je einen 24-Stunden-Tag.
Ziel war die Überprüfung der verschiedenen Bauausführungen der Abrufstationen unter
dem Aspekt der Tiergerechtheit. Eine Einwegstation reduzierte signifikant die Anzahl an Auseinandersetzungen
im Fütterungsbereich. Demgegenüber führten die für das fressende Pferd
tiergerechten Varianten (Fressstand mit Eingangssperre und ohne Austreibehilfe) zu einer
Erhöhung der Besuchshäufigkeit und Aufenthaltsdauer und somit auch zu einer erhöhten
Anzahl an Drohgesten. Doch insgesamt betrachtet, kann die Anzahl an sozionegativen
Interaktionen im Fütterungsbereich der Abrufstationen als relativ gering eingestuft werden.
Da sich außerdem der Betrieb (Management, Fläche, Konzeption) als maßgeblicher Einflussfaktor
auf die überprüften Parameter erwies, dürften die Unterschiede in der Bauausführung
der derzeitigen Abrufstationen für Pferde eher von untergeordneter Bedeutung sein.
[Duration of stay, frequency of visit, threatening gestures and behaviour of avoidance of
439 horses was observed at the feeding area of 32 run-out-sheds. The observation was based
on the method of visual continuously direct watching after the pie chart system (6 x 4 hours)
over a period of 24 hours. The observation should show which construction of the different
automatic feeding systems corresponded best under the aspect of animal welfare.
It was obvious that the one-way-station reduced significantly the number of conflicts
in the feeding area, whereas those systems which are appropriate for the eating horses
(feeding station with access barrier and without stimulation device by electric shock) led
to a higher frequency of visits and duration of stay as well as to more threatening gestures.
Considering altogether, the number of negative interactions in the feeding area of the feeding
systems can be classified as comparatively unimportant. As it showed that the stable
(management, stable area, conception) was of important influence on the surveyed parameters,
the differences between the constructions of feeding stations for horses of present
systems are probably of less meaning.] |
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Conference |
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Notes |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5775 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Whitehead , H. |
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Title |
Analyzing Animal Societies. Quantitative Methods for Vertebrate Social Analysis |
Type |
Book Whole |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
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Publisher |
University of Chicago Press |
Place of Publication |
chicago |
Editor |
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Language |
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Summary Language |
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Notes |
EAN: 9780226895246 |
Approved |
no |
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| |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5838 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Krueger, K.; Hollenhorst, H.; Schuetz, A.; Weil, S. |
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| |
Title |
Social learning and innovative learning in horses. |
Type |
Conference Article |
| |
Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 3. International Equine Science Meeting |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
3 |
Issue |
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Pages |
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Keywords |
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Abstract |
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Address |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
Xenophon Publishing |
Place of Publication |
Wald |
Editor |
K. Krueger |
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Language |
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Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
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ISBN |
978-3-95625-000-2 |
Medium |
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Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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Notes |
|
Approved |
no |
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| |
Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5956 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
