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	Author	Cancedda, M.
	Title	[Social and behavioral organization of horses on the Giara (Sardinia): distribution and aggregation]			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1990	Publication	Bollettino della Societa italiana di biologia sperimentale	Abbreviated Journal	Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper
	Volume	66	Issue	11	Pages	1089-1096
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Wild/physiology/psychology; Environment; Female; Horses/physiology/psychology; Italy; Male; Population Density; Sexual Behavior, Animal; *Social Behavior; Social Dominance; Water
	Abstract	In this paper some considerations on the environment of the 42 Kmq of the volcanic-basaltic Giara tableland are discussed. Conditioning by the environment and its effect on the distribution of a population of 712 horses is illustrated in view of their social and behavioural organization.
	Address	Istituto di Fisiologia Generale e Speciale, Universita di Sassari
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Italian	Summary Language		Original Title	Introduzione all'organizzazione sociale e comportamentale dei cavallini sulla Giara (Sardegna): distribuzione ed aggregazione
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0037-8771	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:2095819			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	673
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Puppe, B.
	Title	[Social dominance and rank relationships in domestic pigs: a critical review]			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift	Abbreviated Journal	Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr
	Volume	109	Issue	11-12	Pages	457-464
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; Female; Male; Models, Psychological; Social Behavior; Social Dominance; Swine/*psychology
	Abstract	Viewing dominance as an attribute of repeated agonistic interactions between two individuals, the present paper reviews theoretical approaches towards concepts of dominance, methods of measurement, and basic principles and problems connected with social dominance in domestic pigs. Domestic pigs are able to establish social organization structures during all stages of their ontogeny. According to definition, dominance relationships occur when a consistent asymmetry of the result of dyadic agonistic interactions can be assessed. This must not necessarily be connected immediately with a better availability of resources, or a high stability of existing dominance relationships, or a functional definition of dominance. When sociometric characteristics are calculated, it seems to be appropriate to use them for different levels of a biological system (individual, individual pair, group). Investigations of social behaviour and dominance in farm animals should take into account that mechanisms of social behaviour in confined environments are often carried out in parts only. Connections of the dominance concept with other concepts of behavioural regulation should be theoretically considered and further investigated by experimental studies.
	Address	Forschungsbereich Physiologische Grundlagen der Tierhaltung des Forschungsinstituts fur die Biologie landwirtschaftlicher Nutztiere Dummerstorf-Rostock
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	German	Summary Language		Original Title	Soziale Dominanz- und Rangbeziehungen beim Hausschwein: eine kritische Ubersicht
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0005-9366	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8999780			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2861
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	Author	Drent, P.J.; van Oers, K.; van Noordwijk, A.J.
	Title	Realized heritability of personalities in the great tit (Parus major)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society	Abbreviated Journal	Proc Biol Sci
	Volume	270	Issue	1510	Pages	45-51
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; Behavior, Animal; Breeding; Exploratory Behavior; Female; Heredity; Male; Selection (Genetics); Songbirds/genetics/physiology; Variation (Genetics)
	Abstract	Behaviour under conditions of mild stress shows consistent patterns in all vertebrates: exploratory behaviour, boldness, aggressiveness covary in the same way. The existence of highly consistent individual variation in these behavioural strategies, also referred to as personalities or coping styles, allows us to measure the behaviour under standardized conditions on birds bred in captivity, link the standardized measurements to the behaviour under natural conditions and measure natural selection in the field. We have bred the great tit (Parus major), a classical model species for the study of behaviour under natural conditions, in captivity. Here, we report a realized heritability of 54 +/- 5% for early exploratory behaviour, based on four generations of bi-directional artificial selection. In addition to this, we measured hand-reared juveniles and their wild-caught parents in the laboratory. The heritability found in the mid-offspring-mid-parent regression was significantly different from zero. We have thus established the presence of considerable amounts of genetic variation for personality types in a wild bird.
	Address	Netherlands Institute of Ecology, PO Box 40, 6666 ZG Heteren, The Netherlands. drent@cto.nioo.knaw.nl
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0962-8452	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12590770			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	591
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	Author	Judge, P.G.; de Waal, F.B.
	Title	Intergroup grooming relations between alpha females in a population of free-ranging rhesus macaques			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology	Abbreviated Journal	Folia Primatol (Basel)
	Volume	63	Issue	2	Pages	63-70
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Wild; Female; Grooming; Macaca mulatta/psychology; Male; Population Density; *Social Behavior
	Abstract	Intergroup affiliation among female rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta, was examined in the captive free-ranging colony of Morgan Island, S.C., USA. The provisioned colony has many social groups (35) and is maintained at a relatively high population density (21 animals/ha) with a relatively low adult male to female ratio (1:8.8). Focal and ad libitum samples were collected on 32 adults (3 males and 29 females) from two groups. Although infrequent, grooming was observed between adult females from different groups, and alpha females were the main participants in these interactions. Colony records indicated that none of the intergroup grooms was between females formerly from a common group. Relations between familiar neighboring groups may be maintained by a combination of both affiliative and aggressive behavior.
	Address	Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Lawrenceville, Ga 30243
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0015-5713	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:7813977			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	208
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	Author	Neff, B.D.; Sherman, P.W.
	Title	Nestling recognition via direct cues by parental male bluegill sunfish ( Lepomis macrochirus)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	6	Issue	2	Pages	87-92
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Wild; Male; Ovum; Parasites; Perception; Perciformes; Pheromones; Recognition (Psychology); Sexual Behavior, Animal; *Smell; Social Behavior
	Abstract	Parental care can be costly to a parent in terms of both time and energy invested in the young. In species with cuckoldry or brood parasitism not all of the young under a parent's care are necessarily offspring. In such cases, distinguishing between kin and non-kin, and investing only in the former (nepotism), can be advantageous. Bluegill sunfish ( Lepomis macrochirus) are characterized by paternal care and cuckoldry, and care-providing males appear to show nepotistic behaviours. Here, we investigated nestling recognition in bluegill, determining whether parental males can differentiate between young from their own nest (familiar and related) and young from non-neighbouring nests (unfamiliar and unrelated) using (1) visual and chemical cues, and (2) chemical cues only. In the first experiment, wild-caught parental males were presented with samples of eggs or fry (newly hatched eggs) collected from their own nest or a foreign nest and placed on opposite sides of an aquarium. The time these parental males spent associating with each sample, and their “pecking” behaviours (indicating cannibalism), were recorded. Parental males showed no preference between eggs from their own nest and eggs from a non-neighbouring nest, but they preferred to associate with fry from their own nest over foreign fry. There also was a positive relationship between male body size and the time spent associated with fry from their own nest. Parental males pecked at foreign fry more than 5 times as often as fry from their own nest, though this difference was not statistically significant. In the second experiment, fry that were collected from the nest of a wild-caught parental male or a non-neighbouring nest were placed in different containers and the water from each was dripped into opposite ends of an aquarium. The time the male spent on each side was recorded. In this case, parental males spent more time near the source of water conditioned by unrelated fry, but there was a positive relationship between male condition (fat reserves) and the time he spent near the source of water conditioned by fry from his own nest. Results confirm that chemicals cue nestling recognition by parental male bluegill.
	Address	Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada. bneff@uwo.ca
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12687419			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2577
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	Author	Crowell-Davis, S.L.; Houpt, K.A.
	Title	Maternal behavior			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice	Abbreviated Journal	Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract
	Volume	2	Issue	3	Pages	557-571
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Animals, Wild; Female; Horses; Lactation; Maternal Behavior; Pregnancy; *Pregnancy, Animal; Rejection (Psychology)
	Abstract	Parturition in mares is rapid and is followed by a brief period of sensitivity to imprinting on a foal. There is large individual variation in normal maternal style, but normal mothers actively defend their foal, remain near the foal when it is sleeping, tolerate or assist nursing, and do not injure their own foal. Disturbance of a mare and foal during the early imprinting period can predispose a mare to rejection of her foal; therefore, it should be avoided. There are a variety of forms of foal rejection and numerous etiologies. Therefore, each case should be evaluated individually.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0749-0739	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3492245			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	49
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	Author	Moehlman, P.D.
	Title	Endangered wild equids			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Scientific American	Abbreviated Journal	Sci Am
	Volume	292	Issue	3	Pages	74-81
	Keywords	Africa; Americas; Animals; Animals, Wild/physiology; Asia; Conservation of Energy Resources; Environment; *Equidae/physiology; Food Chain; Humans; Male; Reproduction
	Abstract
	Address	IUCN-The World Conservation Union/Species Survival Commission Equid Specialist Group
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0036-8733	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15859216			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	551
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	Author	Keay, J.M.; Singh, J.; Gaunt, M.C.; Kaur, T.
	Title	Fecal glucocorticoids and their metabolites as indicators of stress in various mammalian species: a literature review			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians	Abbreviated Journal	J Zoo Wildl Med
	Volume	37	Issue	3	Pages	234-244
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Wild/metabolism; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods/veterinary; Circadian Rhythm; Conservation of Natural Resources; Ecosystem; Feces/chemistry; Glucocorticoids/analysis/metabolism; Humans; Seasons; Species Specificity; Specimen Handling/methods/veterinary; Stress, Psychological/*metabolism
	Abstract	Conservation medicine is a discipline in which researchers and conservationists study and respond to the dynamic interplay between animals, humans, and the environment. From a wildlife perspective, animal species are encountering stressors from numerous sources. With the rapidly increasing human population, a corresponding increased demand for food, fuel, and shelter; habitat destruction; and increased competition for natural resources, the health and well-being of wild animal populations is increasingly at risk of disease and endangerment. Scientific data are needed to measure the impact that human encroachment is having on wildlife. Nonbiased biometric data provide a means to measure the amount of stress being imposed on animals from humans, the environment, and other animals. The stress response in animals functions via glucocorticoid metabolism and is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Fecal glucocorticoids, in particular, may be an extremely useful biometric test, since sample collection is noninvasive to subjects and, therefore, does not introduce other variables that may alter assay results. For this reason, many researchers and conservationists have begun to use fecal glucocorticoids as a means to measure stress in various animal species. This review article summarizes the literature on many studies in which fecal glucocorticoids and their metabolites have been used to assess stress levels in various mammalian species. Variations between studies are the main focus of this review. Collection methods, storage conditions, shipping procedures, and laboratory techniques utilized by different researchers are discussed.
	Address	Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 0442 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1042-7260	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17319120			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	616
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	Author	Keiper, R.R.
	Title	Social structure			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice	Abbreviated Journal	Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract
	Volume	2	Issue	3	Pages	465-484
	Keywords	Animal Communication; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; Dominance-Subordination; Female; Hierarchy, Social; Homing Behavior; Horses; Male; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Social Behavior; Social Dominance
	Abstract	Socially feral horses live in stable social groups characterized by one adult male, a number of adult females, and their offspring up to 2 years of age. Extra males either live by themselves or with other males in bachelor groups. The bands occupy nondefended home ranges that often overlap. Many abnormal behaviors seen in domestic horses occur because some aspect of their normal social behavior cannot be carried out in captivity.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0749-0739	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3492240			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	675
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	Author	Halsey, L.G.; Bezerra, B.M.; Souto, A.S.
	Title	Can wild common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) solve the parallel strings task?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	9	Issue	3	Pages	229-233
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Laboratory; Animals, Wild; Attention; Callithrix/psychology; Cognition; Concept Formation; Female; Male; Pattern Recognition, Visual; *Problem Solving
	Abstract	Patterned string tasks are a test of perceptual capacity and the understanding of means-end connections. Primates can solve complex forms of this task in laboratories. However, this may not indicate the level of such cognition that is commonly employed in the wild, where decision-making time is often short and distractions such as predator avoidance and competition between conspecifics are often prevalent. The current study tests whether wild common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) can successfully complete the simplest form of the patterned string task, parallel strings, while in their natural environment. Although 12 out of 13 marmosets could successfully complete the task, in previous laboratory-based studies on primates, the errors at this task by all primate species tested were consistently lower than in the present study. This is probably explained by the added difficulties imposed by the natural setting of the task in the present study, exemplified by a significant increase in observed vigilance behaviour by subject animals prior to attempts at the task that were unsuccessful. The undertaking of such tasks by common marmosets in situ probably provides a more reasonable representation of the levels of cognitive capacity expressed by this species in the wild than do laboratory-based studies of the task.
	Address	School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. l.g.halsey@bham.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16541239			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2473
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