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Milo, R.; Itzkovitz, S.; Kashtan, N.; Levitt, R.; Shen-Orr, S.; Ayzenshtat, I.; Sheffer, M.; Alon, U. |
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Title |
Superfamilies of Evolved and Designed Networks |
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Journal Article |
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2004 |
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Science |
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Science |
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303 |
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5663 |
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1538-1542 |
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Complex biological, technological, and sociological networks can be of very different sizes and connectivities, making it difficult to compare their structures. Here we present an approach to systematically study similarity in the local structure of networks, based on the significance profile (SP) of small subgraphs in the network compared to randomized networks. We find several superfamilies of previously unrelated networks with very similar SPs. One superfamily, including transcription networks of microorganisms, represents “rate-limited” information-processing networks strongly constrained by the response time of their components. A distinct superfamily includes protein signaling, developmental genetic networks, and neuronal wiring. Additional superfamilies include power grids, protein-structure networks and geometric networks, World Wide Web links and social networks, and word-adjacency networks from different languages. |
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10.1126/science.1089167 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5033 |
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Artzy-Randrup, Y.; Fleishman, S.J.; Ben-Tal, N.; Stone, L. |
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Comment on “Network Motifs: Simple Building Blocks of Complex Networks” and “Superfamilies of Evolved and Designed Networks” |
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2004 |
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Science |
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Science |
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305 |
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5687 |
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1107c |
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10.1126/science.1099334 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5037 |
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Eckardt, G.; Windhofer, A. |
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Untersuchung der Beanspruchung von Pferden während Isolation und beim Verladen |
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2004 |
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Master's thesis |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5190 |
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Hois, C. |
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Feldstudie zur Gewichtsentwicklung und Gewichtsschätzung beim wachsenden Pferd |
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2004 |
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Ph.D. thesis |
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Tierärztlichen Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5204 |
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Pongrácz, P; Miklósi, Á; Timár-Geng, K; Csányi, V. |
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Title |
Verbal Attention Getting as a Key Factor in Social Learning Between Dog (Canis familiaris) and Human. |
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2004 |
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Journal of Comparative Psychology |
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J. Comp. Psychol. |
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118 |
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4 |
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375-383. |
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Pet dogs (Canis familiaris) learn to detour a V-shaped fence effectively from an unfamiliar human demonstrator. In this article, 4 main features of the demonstrator's behavior are highlighted: (a) the manipulation of the target, (b) the familiarity of the demonstrator, (c) the role of verbal attention-getting behavior, and (d) whether a strange trained dog could also be an effective demonstrator. The results show that the main factor of a successful human demonstration is the continuous verbal communication with the dog during detouring. It was also found that an unfamiliar dog demonstrator was as efficient as the unfamiliar experimenter. The experiments provide evidence that in adult dogs, communicative context with humans is needed for effective interspecific social learning to take place. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5218 |
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Monfort, S. |
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Przewalski’s Horse (Equus przewalskii) Species Survival Plan |
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Conference Article |
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2004 |
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE EAZA EQUID TAG MEETING FROM 5TH TO 9TH MAY 2004 AT HORTOBÁGY NATIONAL PARK, HUNGARY |
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A Master Planning meeting for the Asian wild horse, or Przewalski’s horse, was held 14th –15th April 2004 at the National Zoological Park’s Conservation and Research Center (CRC) in Front Royal, Virginia. The overall objectives of the meeting were to 1) develop a strategy to maximize genetic diversity and improve demographics, 2) make specific breeding recommendations, 3) establish ex situ research priorities, and 4) discuss strategies for ensuring that the North American herd contributes to the global managed population, as well as ongoing in situ conservation programs. Of particular importance were discussions focused on whether to continue managing the North American herd as two separate bloodlines — the A- and B-lines — or to manage the entire population using an M-line, or mixed-line strategy, designed to maximize founder representation and genetic diversity. The Equid Taxon Advisory Group has currently designated a target population of 150 specimens for this species. The current SSP population is 154 individuals distributed among 18 institutions (15 AZA, 3 non-AZA), of which San Diego Zoo, the Wilds, Minnesota Zoo, Calgary Zoo, the Wildlife Conservation Society/Bronx Zoo and the National Zoological Park were represented at the Master Planning meeting. |
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Smithonian’s National Zoo, Front Royal, USA |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5301 |
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Ghirlanda, S.; Vallortigara, G. |
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The evolution of brain lateralization: a game-theoretical analysis of population structure |
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2004 |
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Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |
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271 |
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1541 |
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853-857 |
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In recent years, it has become apparent that behavioural and brain lateralization at the population level is the rule rather than the exception among vertebrates. The study of these phenomena has so far been the province of neurology and neuropsychology. Here, we show how such research can be integrated with evolutionary biology to understand lateralization more fully. In particular, we address the fact that, within a species, left– and right–type individuals often occur in proportions different from one–half (e.g. hand use in humans). The traditional explanations offered for lateralization of brain function (that it may avoid unnecessary duplication of neural circuitry and reduce interference between functions) cannot account for this fact, because increased individual efficiency is unrelated to the alignment of lateralization at the population level. A further puzzle is that such an alignment may even be disadvantageous, as it makes individual behaviour more predictable to other organisms. Here, we show that alignment of the direction of behavioural asymmetries in a population can arise as an evolutionarily stable strategy when individual asymmetrical organisms must coordinate their behaviour with that of other asymmetrical organisms. Brain and behavioural lateralization, as we know it in humans and other vertebrates, may have evolved under basically ‘social’ selection pressures. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5345 |
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Author |
da Costa, A.P.; Leigh, A.E.; Man, M.-S.; Kendrick, K.M. |
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Face pictures reduce behavioural, autonomic, endocrine and neural indices of stress and fear in sheep |
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2004 |
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Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |
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Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. |
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271 |
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1552 |
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2077-2084 |
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Faces are highly emotive stimuli and we find smiling or familiar faces both attractive and comforting, even as young babies. Do other species with sophisticated face recognition skills, such as sheep, also respond to the emotional significance of familiar faces? We report that when sheep experience social isolation, the sight of familiar sheep face pictures compared with those of goats or inverted triangles significantly reduces behavioural (activity and protest vocalizations), autonomic (heart rate) and endocrine (cortisol and adrenaline) indices of stress. They also increase mRNA expression of activity–dependent genes (c–fos and zif/268) in brain regions specialized for processing faces (temporal and medial frontal cortices and basolateral amygdala) and for emotional control (orbitofrontal and cingulate cortex), and reduce their expression in regions associated with stress responses (hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus) and fear (central and lateral amygdala). Effects on face recognition, emotional control and fear centres are restricted to the right brain hemisphere. Results provide evidence that face pictures may be useful for relieving stress caused by unavoidable social isolation in sheep, and possibly other animal species, including humans. The finding that sheep, like humans, appear to have a right brain hemisphere involvement in the control of negative emotional experiences also suggests that functional lateralization of brain emotion systems may be a general feature in mammals. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5354 |
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Dingemanse, N.J.; de Goede, P. |
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The relation between dominance and exploratory behavior is context-dependent in wild great tits |
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2004 |
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Behavioral Ecology |
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Behav. Ecol. |
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15 |
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6 |
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1023-1030 |
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Individual differences in personality affect behavior in novel or challenging situations. Personality traits may be subject to selection because they affect the ability to dominate others. We investigated whether dominance rank at feeding tables in winter correlated with a heritable personality trait (as measured by exploratory behavior in a novel environment) in a natural population of great tits, Parus major. We provided clumped resources at feeding tables and calculated linear dominance hierarchies on the basis of observations between dyads of color-ringed individuals, and we used an experimental procedure to measure individual exploratory behavior of these birds. We show that fast-exploring territorial males had higher dominance ranks than did slow-exploring territorial males in two out of three samples, and that dominance related negatively to the distance between the site of observation and the territory. In contrast, fast-exploring nonterritorial juveniles had lower dominance ranks than did slow-exploring nonterritorial juveniles, implying that the relation between dominance and personality is context-dependent in the wild. We discuss how these patterns in dominance can explain earlier reported effects of avian personality on natal dispersal and fitness. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5390 |
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Gilbert-Norton, L.; Jule, K. Richards, G; Goto, K. |
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Social structure of pony (Equus caballus) mares in an all female herd on Lundy: analysis of dominance relationship and preferred associate. |
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2004 |
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Lundy Field Society Annual Report |
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54 |
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54 |
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71--88 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5744 |
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