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Author |
Hunte, W.; Horrocks, J.A. |
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Title |
Kin and non-kin interventions in the aggressive disputes of vervet monkeys |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1987 |
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Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
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20 |
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257-263 |
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Interventions in aggressive disputes were investigated in a free-living troop of vervets (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) in Barbados. Interventions on behalf of kin were more frequent than on behalf of non-kin. Both types of interventions were more likely when the intervening animal outranked the opponent; presumably because retaliation probability, and hence cost of intervening, is low against low ranking opponents. The number of interventions given on behalf of both kin and non-kin increased with the number of disputes in which they were involved. In contrast to kin interventions, the number of interventions given on behalf of non-kin was correlated with that received by non-kin, suggesting that reciprocation is a necessary component of non-kin interventions. Non-kin interventions were more likely when the recipient outranked the opponent, presumably because reciprocation probability is high. Pairs of non-kin form structured reciprocal relationships based on the proportion of interventions allocated to each other, and most non-kin interventions flowed through these relationships. Males intervened on behalf of non-kin more frequently than did females. The implications of the results for the evolution of kin and reciprocal altruism were discussed. |
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10.1007/Bf00292178 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4927 |
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Author |
Wasserman, S. |
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Title |
Conformity of two sociometric relations |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1987 |
Publication |
Psychometrika |
Abbreviated Journal |
Psychometrika |
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52 |
Issue |
1 |
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3-18 |
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Abstract The problem of comparing two sociometric relations or measurements (A andB) recorded in distinct sociomatrices was originally discussed by Katz and Powell in the early 1950's and Hubert and Baker in the late 1970's. The problem is considered again using a probabilistic model designed specifically for discrete-valued network measurements. The model allows for the presence of various structural tendencies, such as reciprocity and differential popularity. A parameter that isolates the tendency for actors to choose other actors on both relations simultaneously is introduced, and estimated conditional on the presence of other parameters that reflect additional important network properties. The parameter is presented as a symmetric index but is also generalized to the predictive (A onB orB onA) situation. This approach to the problem is illustrated with the same data used by the earlier solutions, and the unique nature of the two relations in the data set (A = received choices,B = perceived choices), as it affects the modeling, is discussed. Significance tests for the parameter and related parameters are described, as well as an extension to more than two relations. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5027 |
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Author |
Gouzoules, S.; Gouzoules, H. |
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Title |
Kinship |
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Book Chapter |
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Year |
1987 |
Publication |
Primate societies |
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299-305 |
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University of Chicago Press |
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Chicago |
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Smuts, B. B.; Cheney, D. L.; Seyfarth, R. M.; Wrangham, R. W.; Struhsaker T. T |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5430 |
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Author |
Feh, C. |
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Title |
Etude du développement des relations sociales chez des étalons (Equus caballus) de race camargue et de leur contribution à l'organisation sociale du groupe |
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1987 |
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Diplôme de recherche universitaire: neurosciences comportementales: Université d'Aix-Marseille II. Faculté des sciences de Luminy Marseille (FRA)* 117p |
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Master's thesis |
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Université d'Aix-Marseille |
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Marseille |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5485 |
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Author |
Siegel, H.S. |
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Title |
Effects of behavioural and physical stressors on immune responses. |
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Year |
1987 |
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Biology of Stress in Farm Animals |
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Martinus Nijhoff |
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London |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5994 |
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Author |
Tizard I. |
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Title |
An introduction to veterinary immunology. |
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Book Whole |
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Year |
1987 |
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WB Saunders Co. |
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Philadelphia |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6000 |
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Author |
Hardy, J.L. |
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Title |
The ecology of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in the Central Valley of California, 1945-1985 |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1987 |
Publication |
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |
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Am J Trop Med Hyg |
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37 |
Issue |
3 Suppl |
Pages |
18s-32s |
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Aedes/microbiology; Animals; Birds; California; Culex/microbiology; Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine/*physiology; Encephalomyelitis, Equine/*history/microbiology/transmission/veterinary; History, 20th Century; Horse Diseases/history/transmission; Horses; Humans; Insect Vectors/microbiology; Mammals |
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Abstract |
Reeves' concept of the summer transmission cycle of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in 1945 was that the virus was amplified in a silent transmission cycle involving mosquitoes, domestic chickens, and possibly wild birds, from which it could be transmitted tangentially to and cause disease in human and equine populations. Extensive field and laboratory studies done since 1945 in the Central Valley of California have more clearly defined the specific invertebrate and vertebrate hosts involved in the basic virus transmission cycle, but the overall concept remains unchanged. The basic transmission cycle involves Culex tarsalis as the primary vector mosquito species and house finches and house sparrows as the primary amplifying hosts. Secondary amplifying hosts, upon which Cx. tarsalis frequently feeds, include other passerine species, chickens, and possibly pheasants in areas where they are abundant. Another transmission cycle that most likely is initiated from the Cx. tarsalis-wild bird cycle involves Aedes melanimon and the blacktail jackrabbit. Like humans and horses, California ground squirrels, western tree squirrels, and a few other wild mammal species become infected tangentially with the virus but do not contribute significantly to virus amplification. |
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Department of Biomedical and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley 94720 |
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0002-9637 |
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Notes |
PMID:3318522 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2677 |
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Author |
Giraldeau, L.-A.; Lefebvre, L. |
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Title |
Scrounging prevents cultural transmission of food-finding behaviour in pigeons |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1987 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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35 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
387-394 |
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Living in groups should promote the cultural transmission of a novel behaviour because opportunities for observing knowledgeable individuals are likely to be more numerous in this condition. However, in this study pigeons who shared the food discoveries of others (scroungers) did not learn the food-finding technique used by the discoverers (producers). Individually-caged pigeons prevented from scrounging easily learned the technique from a conspecific tutor. When caged pigeons obtained food from the tutor's performance, most naïve observers failed to learn. In a flock, scroungers selectively followed producers. In individual cages, scrounging during the tutor's demonstration was equivalent to getting no demonstration at all. This effect of scrounging did not interfere with subsequent acquisition of the food-finding behaviour when scrounging was no longer possible. |
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0003-3472 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5265 |
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Author |
Deuel, N.R.; Lawrence, L.M. |
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Title |
Laterality in the gallop gait of horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1987 |
Publication |
Journal of biomechanics |
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J Biomech |
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20 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
645-649 |
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Animals; *Functional Laterality; *Gait; Horses/*physiology; Kinesis |
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Bilateral asymmetry in gallop stride limb contact patterns of four Quarter Horse fillies was documented by high-speed cinematography. Horses were filmed with rider by two cameras simultaneously while galloping along a straightaway. Even though signaled for each gallop lead an equivalent number of times, horses frequently switched leads, selecting the left lead nearly twice as often as the right. Velocities and stride lengths were greater for the left lead than the right, but stride frequencies did not differ between leads. Velocity effects were partitioned out in limb contact data analysis to enable the determination of persistent gallop stride asymmetries. The contact duration for the trailing (right) fore limb on the left lead exceeded the contact duration for the trailing (left) fore limb on the right lead. Selecting the right fore limb as the trailing fore limb may have allowed horses to use it to withstand the greater stresses and caused them to preferentially gallop with the left fore limb leading. Laterality may have an important influence on equine gallop motion patterns and thereby influence athletic performance. |
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English |
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0021-9290 |
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PMID:3611140 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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528 |
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Author |
Terrace, H.S. |
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Title |
Chunking by a pigeon in a serial learning task |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1987 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
325 |
Issue |
7000 |
Pages |
149-151 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Cognition/*physiology; Columbidae/*physiology; Feedback; Learning/*physiology; Male |
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Abstract |
A basic principle of human memory is that lists that can be organized into memorable 'chunks' are easier to remember. Memory span is limited to a roughly constant number of chunks and is to a large extent independent of the amount of informaton contained in each chunk. Depending on the ingenuity of the code used to integrate discrete items into chunks, one can substantially increase the number of items that can be recalled correctly. Newly developed paradigms for studying memory in non-verbal organisms allow comparison of the abilities of human and non-human subjects to memorize lists. Here I present two types of evidence that pigeons 'chunk' 5-element lists whose components (colours and achromatic geometric forms) are clustered into distinct groups. Those lists were learned twice as rapidly as a homogeneous list of colours or heterogeneous lists in which the elements are not clustered. The pigeons were also tested for knowledge of the order of two elements drawn from the 5-element lists. They responded in the correct order only to those subsets that contained a chunk boundary. Thus chunking can be studied profitably in animal subjects; the cognitive processes that allow an organism to form chunks do no presuppose linguistic competence. |
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0028-0836 |
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PMID:3808071 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2792 |
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