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Author Altmann, J. url  doi
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  Title Observational Study of Behavior: Sampling Methods Type Journal Article
  Year 1974 Publication Behaviour Abbreviated Journal Behaviour  
  Volume 49 Issue 3-4 Pages 227-266  
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  Abstract Seven major types of sampling for observational studies of social behavior have been found in the literature. These methods differ considerably in their suitability for providing unbiased data of various kinds. Below is a summary of the major recommended uses of each technique: In this paper, I have tried to point out the major strengths and weaknesses of each sampling method. Some methods are intrinsically biased with respect to many variables, others to fewer. In choosing a sampling method the main question is whether the procedure results in a biased sample of the variables under study. A method can produce a biased sample directly, as a result of intrinsic bias with respect to a study variable, or secondarily due to some degree of dependence (correlation) between the study variable and a directly-biased variable. In order to choose a sampling technique, the observer needs to consider carefully the characteristics of behavior and social interactions that are relevant to the study population and the research questions at hand. In most studies one will not have adequate empirical knowledge of the dependencies between relevant variables. Under the circumstances, the observer should avoid intrinsic biases to whatever extent possible, in particular those that direcly affect the variables under study. Finally, it will often be possible to use more than one sampling method in a study. Such samples can be taken successively or, under favorable conditions, even concurrently. For example, we have found it possible to take Instantaneous Samples of the identities and distances of nearest neighbors of a focal individual at five or ten minute intervals during Focal-Animal (behavior) Samples on that individual. Often during Focal-Animal Sampling one can also record All Occurrences of Some Behaviors, for the whole social group, for categories of conspicuous behavior, such as predation, intergroup contact, drinking, and so on. The extent to which concurrent multiple sampling is feasible will depend very much on the behavior categories and rate of occurrence, the observational conditions, etc. Where feasible, such multiple sampling can greatly aid in the efficient use of research time.  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4684  
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Author Eisenmann V, G.D.C. openurl 
  Title Caractères distinctifs des premières phalanges antérieures et postérieures chez certains équidés actuels et fossiles Type Journal Article
  Year 1974 Publication Abbreviated Journal Bull Soc g?ol France  
  Volume 16 Issue Pages 352-361  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1059  
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Author Eisenmann V, G.D.C. openurl 
  Title Caractères distinctifs entre vrais zèbres et zèbres de Chapman d`après l`étude de 60 têtes osseuses. Type Journal Article
  Year 1974 Publication Abbreviated Journal Mammalia  
  Volume 38 Issue Pages 509-543  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1060  
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Author Estes Rd, openurl 
  Title Zebras offer clues to the way wild horses once lived Type Journal Article
  Year 1974 Publication Abbreviated Journal Smithsonian  
  Volume 5 Issue Pages 100-107  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1075  
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Author Frerichs Wm, H. openurl 
  Title Treatment of equine piroplasmosis with imidocarb dipropionate Type Journal Article
  Year 1974 Publication Abbreviated Journal Vet Rec  
  Volume 95 Issue Pages 188-189  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1096  
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Author Joubert E,; atal, openurl 
  Title development of the Hartmann zebra Type Journal Article
  Year 1974 Publication Abbreviated Journal Madoqua  
  Volume 8 Issue Pages 55-58  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1230  
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Author Klingel H, openurl 
  Title A comparison of the Social Behaviour of the Equidae. in Geist V & Walther FR (eds): The Behaviour of Ungulates and its Relation to Management Type Journal Article
  Year 1974 Publication Abbreviated Journal IUCN Publ  
  Volume Issue Pages 124-132  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1302  
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Author Klingel H, openurl 
  Title Soziale Organisation und Verhalten des Grevyzebras (Equus grevyi) Type Journal Article
  Year 1974 Publication Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie Abbreviated Journal Z. Tierpsychol.  
  Volume 36 Issue Pages 37-70  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1306  
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Author Rau Re, openurl 
  Title Revised list of the preserved material of the extinct cape colony quagga, Equus quagga quagga Type Journal Article
  Year 1974 Publication Abbreviated Journal Ann S Afr Mus  
  Volume 65 Issue Pages 41-87  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1496  
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Author Robinson Dw, S.L. openurl 
  Title The current status of knowledge on the nutrition of equines Type Journal Article
  Year 1974 Publication Abbreviated Journal J Anim Sci  
  Volume 39 Issue Pages 1045-1066  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1511  
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