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	Author	Vlamings, P.H.J.M.; Uher, J.; Call, J.
	Title	How the great apes (Pan troglodytes, Pongo pygmaeus, Pan paniscus, and Gorilla gorilla) perform on the reversed contingency task: the effects of food quantity and food visibility			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	32	Issue	1	Pages	60-70
	Keywords	Age Factors; Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Cognition; Conditioning (Psychology); Female; Food; Gorilla gorilla/psychology; Learning; Male; Pan paniscus/psychology; Pan troglodytes/psychology; Pongo pygmaeus/psychology; *Visual Perception
	Abstract	S. T. Boysen and G. G. Berntson (1995) found that chimpanzees performed poorly on a reversed contingency task in which they had to point to the smaller of 2 food quantities to acquire the larger quantity. The authors compared the performance of 4 great ape species (Pan troglodytes, Pongo pygmaeus, Pan paniscus, and Gorilla gorilla) on the reversed contingency task while manipulating food quantity (0-4 or 1-4) and food visibility (visible pairs or covered pairs). Results showed no systematic species differences but large individual differences. Some individuals of each species were able to solve the reversed contingency task. Both quantity and visibility of the food items had a significant effect on performance. Subjects performed better when the disparity between quantities was smaller and the quantities were not directly visible.
	Address	Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany. p.vlamings@psychology.unimaas.nl
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16435965			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2765
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	Author	Nakamura, K.
	Title	Perseverative errors in object discrimination learning by aged Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	27	Issue	4	Pages	345-353
	Keywords	Age Factors; Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Cognition Disorders/diagnosis/physiopathology; Discrimination Learning/physiology; Frontal Lobe/physiopathology; Macaca; Neuropsychological Tests
	Abstract	To examine the nature of age-dependent cognitive decline, performance in terms of concurrent object discriminations was assessed in aged and nonaged Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata). Aged monkeys required more sessions and committed more errors than nonaged ones in the discriminations, even in simple object discriminations. Analyses of errors suggest that aged monkeys repeated the same errors and committed more errors when they chose a negative object at the 1st trial. A hypothesis analysis of behavior suggests that their incorrect choices were mainly due to object preference. Therefore, the impairment was probably caused by a failure to inhibit inappropriate responses. Together with previous neuropsychological findings, deficits of aged monkeys in the performance of object discriminations can be explained by dysfunction of the frontal cortex.
	Address	Department of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan. knakamur@pri.kyoto-u.ac.jp
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11676085			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2771
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	Author	Brown, R.F.; Houpt, K.A.; Schryver, H.F.
	Title	Stimulation of food intake in horses by diazepam and promazine			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1976	Publication	Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior	Abbreviated Journal	Pharmacol Biochem Behav
	Volume	5	Issue	4	Pages	495-497
	Keywords	Age Factors; Animals; Diazepam/pharmacology; Diet; Feeding Behavior/drug effects; Female; Horses/physiology; Male; Promazine/pharmacology; Stimulation, Chemical
	Abstract	In two adult horses doses of 0.02-0.03 mg/kg diazepam, intravenously, increased 1 hr intake 54-75% above control levels. Intake was stimulated when the diet was a high grain, calorically dense one and also when the diet was a high fiber, calorically dilute one. Two young rapidly growing weanling horses showed an even more pronounced stimulation of intake. Following diazepam 1 hr intake was increased 105-240% above control lelvels. Promazine at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg also stimulated intake in adult horses, but not as markedly as did diazepam. A transquilizer and a neuroleptic appear to have a stimulatory eff upon short-term intake in horses.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0091-3057	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:1005496			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	60
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	Author	Hinde, R.A.
	Title	Analyzing the roles of the partners in a behavioral interaction--mother-infant relations in rhesus macaques			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1969	Publication	Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Ann N Y Acad Sci
	Volume	159	Issue	3	Pages	651-667
	Keywords	Age Factors; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Female; Group Processes; Haplorhini; Leadership; Maternal Deprivation; Mother-Child Relations; *Role; Time Factors
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0077-8923	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:4981882			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2054
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	Author	Bell, R.J.W.; Kingston, J.K.; Mogg, T.D.; Perkins, N.R.
	Title	The prevalence of gastric ulceration in racehorses in New Zealand			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	New Zealand Veterinary Journal	Abbreviated Journal	N Z Vet J
	Volume	55	Issue	1	Pages	13-18
	Keywords	Age Factors; Animal Feed; Animal Husbandry/methods; Animals; Female; Horse Diseases/epidemiology/pathology/prevention & control; Horses; Male; New Zealand/epidemiology; Physical Conditioning, Animal/adverse effects/physiology; Poaceae; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Severity of Illness Index; Sex Factors; Stomach Ulcer/epidemiology/pathology/prevention & control/veterinary; Time Factors
	Abstract	AIM: To establish the prevalence and factors influencing the prevalence and severity of gastric ulceration in racehorses in New Zealand. METHODS: Horses (n=171) in active training for racing by trainers (n=24) located throughout New Zealand were examined using gastroscopy during 2003 and 2004. Images of the examination were recorded and reviewed, and an ordinal grade based on the severity of gastric ulceration present was assigned, using the grading system proposed by the Equine Gastric Ulcer Council (EGUC). Information about the horses such as age, breed, sex, stabling, time at pasture, pasture quality, and presence of clinical signs consistent with equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) was recorded. RESULTS: Of the 171 horses in the study, 133 (78%) were Thoroughbreds and 38 (22%) were Standardbreds. Evidence of gastric ulceration was present in 151 (88.3%) of these. Prevalence of ulceration was higher at the lesser curvature (LC) and greater curvature (GC) of the stomach than at the saccus caecus (SC; p<0.01), and ulceration was more severe at the LC than at either the GC (p=0.02) or the SC (p<0.001). The prevalence of ulceration did not differ between the two breeds (p=0.51) or between horses of differing ages (p=0.56). Gastric ulceration was evident in 125/141 (89%) horses kept at pasture for at least 4 h/day, in all 13 (100%) horses kept at pasture full time, and in 16/17 (94%) horses stabled full time. Prevalence and severity of ulceration did not differ between horses stabled full time, kept at pasture for part of the day or kept at pasture full time (p=0.33 and 0.13, respectively), and for horses grazed on pasture severity of ulceration did not vary significantly with the quality of the pasture (p=0.12). Neither prevalence (p=0.26) nor severity (p=0.49) of gastric ulceration varied significantly with duration of training. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of gastric ulceration in racehorses in New Zealand is similar to that reported elsewhere for horses in active training for racing. Access to pasture for some or all of the day did not appear to be protective.
	Address	Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. robinjw@gmail.com
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0048-0169	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17339911			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4020
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	Author	de Waal, F.B.
	Title	The organization of agonistic relations within two captive groups of Java-monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1977	Publication	Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie	Abbreviated Journal	Z. Tierpsychol.
	Volume	44	Issue	3	Pages	225-282
	Keywords	Age Factors; Aggression; Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Competitive Behavior/physiology; Fear; Female; Haplorhini; Humans; Macaca/physiology; Macaca fascicularis/physiology; Male; Sex Factors; Social Behavior; Social Dominance
	Abstract	The paper offers a detailed quantitative descripition of the distribution of agonistic activities over the members of two groups of Java-monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). These groups lived in captivity and were well-established: i.e. they had an extensive network of genealogical relationships. The study pays special attention to agonistic interactions with three or more participants. Its main purpose is an analysis of the way dyadic agonistic relations (e.g. dominance relations) are affected by third group members and the relations among these. The paper presents data on the ontogeny of 'dependent dominance', the 'control role' of the alpha-male, and the functions of different types of alliances.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0044-3573	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:412345			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	213
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	Author	Rapin, V.; Poncet, P.A.; Burger, D.; Mermod, C.; Richard, M.A.
	Title	[Measurement of the attention time in the horse]			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde	Abbreviated Journal	Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd
	Volume	149	Issue	2	Pages	77-83
	Keywords	Age Factors; Animals; Attention/physiology; Conditioning, Operant; Cross-Over Studies; Female; Horses/physiology; Learning/physiology; Male; Memory/physiology; Time Factors
	Abstract	A study carried out on 49 horses showed that it is possible to measure the attention time by operant conditioning. After teaching horses an instrumental task using a signal, we were then able to test their attention time by asking them to prolong it increasingly while setting success and failure criteria. Two tests were performed 3 weeks apart. The 2nd test was feasible without relearning, a proof of memory, and was repeatable, a proof of consistency in the attention time. A significant difference was observed between the 3 age groups. Young horses often performed very well during the 1st test but their attention dropped in the 2nd test while older horses were more stable with respect to attention and even increased it slightly. The study shows that there are individual differences but it was not possible to prove a significant influence of breed, gender and paternal influence. Consequently, learning appears to be one of the most interesting approaches for evaluating the attention of horses and for observing their behaviour.
	Address	Laboratoire d'Ecoethologie, Universite de Neuchatel, Suisse. veronique.rapin@unine.ch
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	French	Summary Language		Original Title	Mesure de la duree d'attention chez le cheval
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0036-7281	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17343134			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1770
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	Author	Liebal, K.; Pika, S.; Tomasello, M.
	Title	Social communication in siamangs (Symphalangus syndactylus): use of gestures and facial expressions			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Primates	Abbreviated Journal	Primates
	Volume	45	Issue	1	Pages	41-57
	Keywords	Age Factors; Animal Communication; Animals; Animals, Zoo/physiology; Cognition; Female; Hylobates/physiology; Kinesics; Male; Sex Factors; Social Behavior; Video Recording
	Abstract	The current study represents the first systematic investigation of the social communication of captive siamangs (Symphalangus syndactylus). The focus was on intentional signals, including tactile and visual gestures, as well as facial expressions and actions. Fourteen individuals from different groups were observed and the signals used by individuals were recorded. Thirty-one different signals, consisting of 12 tactile gestures, 8 visual gestures, 7 actions, and 4 facial expressions, were observed, with tactile gestures and facial expressions appearing most frequently. The range of the signal repertoire increased steadily until the age of six, but declined afterwards in adults. The proportions of the different signal categories used within communicative interactions, in particular actions and facial expressions, also varied depending on age. Group differences could be traced back mainly to social factors or housing conditions. Differences in the repertoire of males and females were most obvious in the sexual context. Overall, most signals were used flexibly, with the majority performed in three or more social contexts and almost one-third of signals used in combination with other signals. Siamangs also adjusted their signals appropriately for the recipient, for example, using visual signals most often when the recipient was already attending (audience effects). These observations are discussed in the context of siamang ecology, social structure, and cognition.
	Address	Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. liebal@eva.mpg.de
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0032-8332	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:14655035			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2812
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	Author	Mirzaeva, A.G.
	Title	[Age makeup of female Culicoides sinanoensis Tok. in the coniferous-broad-leaved forest zone of the southern Maritime Territory]			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1974	Publication	Parazitologiia	Abbreviated Journal	Parazitologiia
	Volume	8	Issue	6	Pages	524-530
	Keywords	Age Factors; Animals; *Ceratopogonidae/physiology; Corpus Luteum/physiology; Ecology; Female; Horses/parasitology; Humans; Ovulation; Pigments, Biological/physiology; Seasons; Siberia; Trees
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title	Vozrastnoi sostav samok Culicoides sinanoensis Tok. v zone khvoino-shirokolistvennykh lesov Iuzhnogo Primor'ia
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0031-1847	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:4449654			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2707
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	Author	Houpt, K.A.; Parsons, M.S.; Hintz, H.F.
	Title	Learning ability of orphan foals, of normal foals and of their mothers			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1982	Publication	Journal of animal science	Abbreviated Journal	J. Anim Sci.
	Volume	55	Issue	5	Pages	1027-1032
	Keywords	Age Factors; Animals; Body Weight; Dominance-Subordination; Female; Horses/physiology; Learning; Maternal Deprivation; Mothers/psychology
	Abstract	The maze learning ability of six pony foals that had been weaned at birth was compared to that of six foals reared normally. The foals' learning ability was also compared to their mothers' learning ability at the same task; the correct turn in a single choice point maze. The maze learning test was conducted when the foals were 6 to 8 mo old and after the mothered foals had been weaned. There was no significant difference between the ability of orphaned (weaned at birth) and mothered foals in their ability to learn to turn left (6 +/- .7 and 5.1 +/- .1 trials, respectively) or to learn the reversal, to turn right (6.7 +/- .6 and 6.2 +/- .6 trials, respectively). The orphan foals spent significantly more time in the maze in their first exposure to it than the mothered foals (184 +/- 42 vs 55 +/- 15 s. Mann Whitney U = 7, P less than .05). The mothers of the foals (n = 11) learned to turn left as rapidly as the foals (5.9 +/- .7 trials), but they were slower to learn to turn right (9.8 +/- 1.4 vs 6.4 +/- .4 trials, Mann Whitney U = 33, P less than .05), indicating that the younger horses learned more rapidly. There was no correlation between the trials to criteria of the mare and those of her foal, but there was a significant negative correlation between rank in trials to criteria and age (r = -65, P less than .05) when data from the mare and foal trials were combined. The dominance hierarchy of the mares was determined using a paired feeding test in which two horses competed for one bucket of feed. Although there was no correlation between rank in the hierarchy and maze learning ability, there was a correlation between body weight and rank in the hierarchy (r = .7, P less than .05). This may indicate either that heavier horses are likely to be dominant or that horses high in dominance gain more weight. Maternal deprivation did not appear to seriously retard learning of a simple maze by foals, although the orphans moved more slowly initially. The lack of maternal influence on learning is also reflected in the lack of correlation between the mare's learning ability and that of her foal. Young horses appear to learn more rapidly than older horses.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8812	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:7174546			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	58
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