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Author |
Hauser, M.D.; Kralik, J.; Botto-Mahan, C.; Garrett, M.; Oser, J. |
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Title |
Self-recognition in primates: phylogeny and the salience of species-typical features |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
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Volume |
92 |
Issue |
23 |
Pages |
10811-10814 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Discrimination (Psychology); Exploratory Behavior; Female; Hair Color; Male; Phylogeny; Psychology, Comparative; Research Design; Saguinus/*psychology; *Self Concept; Species Specificity; Touch; *Visual Perception |
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Abstract |
Self-recognition has been explored in nonlinguistic organisms by recording whether individuals touch a dye-marked area on visually inaccessible parts of their face while looking in a mirror or inspect parts of their body while using the mirror's reflection. Only chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, and humans over the age of approximately 2 years consistently evidence self-directed mirror-guided behavior without experimenter training. To evaluate the inferred phylogenetic gap between hominoids and other animals, a modified dye-mark test was conducted with cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus), a New World monkey species. The white hair on the tamarins' head was color-dyed, thereby significantly altering a visually distinctive species-typical feature. Only individuals with dyed hair and prior mirror exposure touched their head while looking in the mirror. They looked longer in the mirror than controls, and some individuals used the mirror to observe visually inaccessible body parts. Prior failures to pass the mirror test may have been due to methodological problems, rather than to phylogenetic differences in the capacity for self-recognition. Specifically, an individual's sensitivity to experimentally modified parts of its body may depend crucially on the relative saliency of the modified part (e.g., face versus hair). Moreover, and in contrast to previous claims, we suggest that the mirror test may not be sufficient for assessing the concept of self or mental state attribution in nonlinguistic organisms. |
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Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA |
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0027-8424 |
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PMID:7479889 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2825 |
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Author |
Figueredo, A.J.; Cox, R.L.; Rhine, R.J. |
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Title |
A Generalizability Analysis of Subjective Personality Assessments in the Stumptail Macaque and the Zebra Finch |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Multivariate Behavioral Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Multivariate Behav Res |
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Volume |
30 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
167-197 |
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Abstract |
Psychometric findings are reported from two studies concerning the construct validity, temporal stability, and interrater reliability of the latent common factors underlying subjective assessments by human raters of personality traits in two nonhuman animal species: (a) the Stumptail macaque (Maraca arctoides), a cercopithecine monkey; and (b) the Zebra finch (Poephila guttata), an estrildid songbird. Because most theories of animal personality have historically implied that certain personality constructs should be relatively universal across taxa, parallel analyses of similar data are reported for two phylogenetically distant species of subject using the same psychometric methods. Each of the samples was drawn from a socially-housed colony of the same species: that of macaques consisted of 5 mature adult fem ales and 8 of their adult offspring and that of finches consisted of 5 adult individuals. A modified version of the 1978 Stevenson-Hinde and Zunz (SHZ) list of personality items was applied to the macaques at various times during the eight years from 1980-1988 and to the finches during 1992. This study also used the three SHZ scales – Confident, Excitable, and Sociable – originally derived from principal components. Generalizability analyses were used to assess the construct validity, temporal stability, and interrater reliability of the hypothesized factors. Both Stumptail macaques and Zebra finches manifest measurable personality factors that are highly valid across multiple items, stable across multiple years, and reliable across multiple raters. The same model fits both species, as predicted by theory. The construct validity of the factors is slightly higher for the finches than for the macaques, although the interrater reliability is somewhat lower. This study illustrates how generalizability analysis can be used to test prespecified confirmatory factor models when the number of individual subjects is quite small. |
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Psychology Press |
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0027-3171 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5169 |
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Author |
Kiltie, R.A.; Fan, J.; Laine, A.F. |
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Title |
A wavelet-based metric for visual texture discrimination with applications in evolutionary ecology |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Mathematical Biosciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Math Biosci |
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Volume |
126 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
21-39 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Carnivora; *Ecology; Equidae; *Evolution; Humans; Mathematics; Models, Biological; Moths; *Pattern Recognition, Visual; Pigmentation |
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Abstract |
Much work on natural and sexual selection is concerned with the conspicuousness of visual patterns (textures) on animal and plant surfaces. Previous attempts by evolutionary biologists to quantify apparency of such textures have involved subjective estimates of conspicuousness or statistical analyses based on transect samples. We present a method based on wavelet analysis that avoids subjectivity and that uses more of the information in image textures than transects do. Like the human visual system for texture discrimination, and probably like that of other vertebrates, this method is based on localized analysis of orientation and frequency components of the patterns composing visual textures. As examples of the metric's utility, we present analyses of crypsis for tigers, zebras, and peppered moth morphs. |
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Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville |
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0025-5564 |
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Notes |
PMID:7696817 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2660 |
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Author |
Zentall, T.R.; Roper, K.L.; Sherburne, L.M. |
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Title |
Most directed forgetting in pigeons can be attributed to the absence of reinforcement on forget trials during training or to other procedural artifacts |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Anal Behav |
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Volume |
63 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
127-137 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Attention; Color Perception; Columbidae; Cues; *Discrimination Learning; *Mental Recall; Motivation; Pattern Recognition, Visual; *Reinforcement Schedule; Retention (Psychology) |
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Abstract |
In research on directed forgetting in pigeons using delayed matching procedures, remember cues, presented in the delay interval between sample and comparisons, have been followed by comparisons (i.e., a memory test), whereas forget cues have been followed by one of a number of different sample-independent events. The source of directed forgetting in delayed matching to sample in pigeons was examined in a 2 x 2 design by independently manipulating whether or not forget-cue trials in training ended with reinforcement and whether or not forget-cue trials in training included a simultaneous discrimination (involving stimuli other than those used in the matching task). Results were consistent with the hypothesis that reinforced responding following forget cues is sufficient to eliminate performance deficits on forget-cue probe trials. Only when reinforcement was omitted on forget-cue trials in training (whether a discrimination was required or not) was there a decrement in accuracy on forget-cue probe trials. When reinforcement is present, however, the pattern of responding established during and following a forget cue in training may also play a role in the directed forgetting effect. These findings support the view that much of the evidence for directed forgetting using matching procedures may result from motivational and behavioral artifacts rather than the loss of memory. |
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Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506 |
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English |
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0022-5002 |
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Notes |
PMID:7714447 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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256 |
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Author |
Ishida, N.; Oyunsuren, T.; Mashima, S.; Mukoyama, H.; Saitou, N. |
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Title |
Mitochondrial DNA sequences of various species of the genus Equus with special reference to the phylogenetic relationship between Przewalskii's wild horse and domestic horse |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Journal of Molecular Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Mol Evol |
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Volume |
41 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
180-188 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Base Sequence; Chromosomes; Conserved Sequence/genetics; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics; Evolution; Genetic Variation/*genetics; Horses/*genetics; Molecular Sequence Data; *Phylogeny; RNA, Transfer, Pro/genetics; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Analysis, DNA |
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Abstract |
The noncoding region between tRNAPro and the large conserved sequence block is the most variable region in the mammalian mitochondrial DNA D-loop region. This variable region (ca. 270 bp) of four species of Equus, including Mongolian and Japanese native domestic horses as well as Przewalskii's (or Mongolian) wild horse, were sequenced. These data were compared with our recently published Thoroughbred horse mitochondrial DNA sequences. The evolutionary rate of this region among the four species of Equus was estimated to be 2-4 x 10(-8) per site per year. Phylogenetic trees of Equus species demonstrate that Przewalskii's wild horse is within the genetic variation among the domestic horse. This suggests that the chromosome number change (probably increase) of the Przewalskii's wild horse occurred rather recently. |
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Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Japan Racing Association, Tokyo |
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English |
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ISSN |
0022-2844 |
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Notes |
PMID:7666447 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5042 |
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Author |
Pere, M.C. |
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Title |
Maternal and fetal blood levels of glucose, lactate, fructose, and insulin in the conscious pig |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim Sci. |
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Volume |
73 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
2994-2999 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Blood Glucose/*analysis; Catheterization/methods/veterinary; Consciousness/physiology; Female; Fetal Blood/*chemistry; Fructose/analysis/*blood; Insulin/analysis/*blood; Lactates/analysis/*blood; Pregnancy; Swine/*blood/physiology |
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Abstract |
To study nutrition and metabolism in the fetal pig, a chronic catheterization method was developed that allows blood sampling in arteries and veins, at both the umbilical and uterine sources, in the conscious, unstressed animal. A catheter was inserted in the fetal aorta through a femoral artery, and another one was introduced in the umbilical vein. A catheter was put in a femoral artery of the sow so that its end was in the abdominal aorta. A fourth catheter was placed in a uterine vein draining the fetoplacental unit studied. This procedure was applied to 18 Large White primiparous sows at 99 d of gestation. Blood samples were drawn simultaneously using the four catheters before a meal at 103 d of pregnancy, and glucose, insulin, lactate, and fructose were determinated. Glycemia was 2.5 times higher in the sow than in the fetus. The extraction coefficient of glucose by the fetus amounted to 14% of the umbilical supply. The insulin level in the fetal pig was very low ( < 5 microU/mL). Lactate and fructose seemed to originate from the placenta. Blood lactate was 2.6 times lower in the sow than in the fetus, and its extraction coefficient by the fetus amounted to 8%. Fructose in the fetal blood was 2.3 times higher than that of glucose. Fructose was not utilized by the pig fetus. The present results obtained in the fetal pig are comparable to the conclusions drawn from studies with other species. |
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Station de Recherches Porcines, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Saint-Gilles, France |
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English |
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0021-8812 |
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Notes |
PMID:8617670 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2751 |
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Author |
Swanson, J.C. |
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Title |
Farm animal well-being and intensive production systems |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim Sci. |
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Volume |
73 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
2744-2751 |
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Keywords |
Animal Husbandry/legislation & jurisprudence/*standards; Animal Rights/legislation & jurisprudence/standards; Animal Welfare/legislation & jurisprudence/*standards; Animals; Animals, Domestic/*growth & development/*physiology; Breeding/legislation & jurisprudence/*standards; Cattle; Chickens; Environment; Reproduction/physiology; Sheep; Swine |
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Abstract |
Animal welfare, or well-being, is a social issue with ethical, scientific, political, and aesthetic properties. Answering questions about the welfare of animals requires scientific definition, assessment, solutions, and public acceptance. With respect to the actual well-being of the animal, most issues are centered on how the animal “feels” when managed within a specific level of confinement, during special agricultural practices (e.g., tail docking, beak trimming, etc.) and handling. Questions of this nature may require exploration of animal cognition, motivation, perception, and emotional states in addition to more commonly recognized indicators of well-being. Several general approaches have emerged for solving problems concerning animal well-being in intensive production systems: environmental, genetic, and therapeutic. Environmental approaches involve modifying existing systems to accommodate specific welfare concerns or development of alternative systems. Genetic approaches involve changing the behavioral and (or) physiological nature of the animal to reduce or eliminate behaviors that are undesirable within intensive system. Therapeutic approaches of a physical (tail docking, beak trimming) and physiological (drug and nutritional therapy) nature bring both concern and promise with regard to the reduction of confinement stress. Finally, the recent focus on commodity quality assurance programs may indirectly provide benefits for animal well-being. Although research in the area of animal well-being will provide important information for better animal management, handling, care, and the physical design of intensive production systems there is still some uncertainty regarding public acceptance. The aesthetics of modern intensive production systems may have as much to do with public acceptance as with science. |
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Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA |
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0021-8812 |
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Notes |
PMID:8582867 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2752 |
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Author |
Hampton, R.R.; Sherry, D.F.; Shettleworth, S.J.; Khurgel, M.; Ivy, G. |
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Title |
Hippocampal volume and food-storing behavior are related in parids |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Brain, behavior and evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
Brain Behav Evol |
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Volume |
45 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
54-61 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Appetitive Behavior/*physiology; Birds/*anatomy & histology; Brain Mapping; Evolution; Food Preferences/physiology; Hippocampus/*anatomy & histology; Mental Recall/*physiology; Orientation/*physiology; Predatory Behavior/physiology; Social Environment; Species Specificity |
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Abstract |
The size of the hippocampus has been previously shown to reflect species differences and sex differences in reliance on spatial memory to locate ecologically important resources, such as food and mates. Black-capped chickadees (Parus atricapillus) cached more food than did either Mexican chickadees (P. sclateri) or bridled titmice (P. wollweberi) in two tests of food storing, one conducted in an aviary and another in smaller home cages. Black-capped chickadees were also found to have a larger hippocampus, relative to the size of the telencephalon, than the other two species. Differences in the frequency of food storing behavior among the three species have probably produced differences in the use of hippocampus-dependent memory and spatial information processing to recover stored food, resulting in graded selection for size of the hippocampus. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
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English |
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0006-8977 |
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PMID:7866771 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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379 |
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Author |
Barnes, H.G.; Tucker, R.L.; Grant, B.D.; Roberts, G.D.; Prades, M. |
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Title |
Lag screw stabilization of a cervical vertebral fracture by use of computed tomography in a horse |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Am Vet Med Assoc |
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Volume |
206 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
221-223 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Bone Screws/*veterinary; Cervical Vertebrae/*injuries/surgery; Fracture Fixation, Internal/methods/*veterinary; Horses/*injuries/surgery; Male; Spinal Fractures/surgery/*veterinary; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/veterinary |
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Abstract |
A traumatic fracture of C2 was diagnosed radiographically in a 1-year-old German Warm-blood stallion. Fracture configuration was difficult to see on survey radiographs. Computed tomography yielded a more accurate assessment of the fracture and facilitated fracture repair with cortical lag screws. Precise screw placement, to avoid spinal cord damage, was obtained by use of computed tomography. Follow-up radiography revealed normal bone healing, and the horse was in dressage schooling 24 months after surgery. |
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Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6610 |
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0003-1488 |
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Notes |
PMID:7751226 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3744 |
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Author |
Clayton, H.M. |
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Title |
Comparison of the stride kinematics of the collected, medium, and extended walks in horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
American Journal of Veterinary Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Vet Res |
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Volume |
56 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
849-852 |
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Keywords |
Analysis of Variance; Animals; *Gait; Horses/*physiology; *Locomotion; Motion Pictures; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Walking |
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Abstract |
Six horses, highly trained for dressage competition, were used to study the stride kinematics of the walk, and to compare the kinematics of the collected, medium, and extended walks. Horses were filmed in a sagittal plane at a rate of 150 frames/s; temporal, linear, and angular data were extracted from the films. Results of ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test indicated that the speed of the collected walk (1.37 m/s) was significantly (P < 0.01) slower than that of the medium (1.73 m/s) and extended (1.82 m/s) walks, values for which were not significantly different from each other. The increase in speed was associated with a significant increase in stride length, from 157 cm in the collected walk to 193 cm in the extended walk. This was a result of an increase in the over-tracking distance, whereas there was no significant difference in the distance between lateral placements of the limbs. Stride duration decreased (P < 0.01) from the collected walk (1,159 ms) to the extended walk (1,064 ms). Angles of the metacarpal and metatarsal segments, measured on the palmar/ plantar aspect, were higher at impact and lower at lift off in the collected than in the extended walk (P < 0.01). This indicated greater range of angular motion of this segment during the stance phase in the extended walk. Only 1 of the 6 horses had a regular 4-beat rhythm of the footfalls, with equal time elapsing between the lateral and diagonal footfalls. |
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Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Canada |
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English |
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ISSN |
0002-9645 |
ISBN |
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Notes |
PMID:7574149 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3743 |
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