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	Author	FitzGibbon, C. D.
	Title	The costs and benefits of predator inspection behaviour in Thomson's gazelles			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
	Volume	34	Issue	2	Pages	139-148
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	524
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	Author	Dugatkin, L.A.
	Title	Tendency to inspect predators predicts mortality risk in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1992	Publication	Behavioral Ecology	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Ecol.
	Volume	3	Issue	2	Pages	124-127
	Keywords
	Abstract	Although predator inspection behavior in fishes has become a model system for examining game theoretical strategies such as Tit for Tat, the direct costs of inspection behavior have not been quantified. To begin quantifying such costs, I conducted an experiment that examined mortality due to predation as a function of predator inspection in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Before being subjected to a “survivorship” experiment, guppies were assayed for their tendency to inspect a predator. Groups were then composed of six guppies that differed in their tendency to inspect. These groups were placed into a pool containing a predator, and survivorship of guppies with different inspection tendencies was noted 36 and 60 h later. Results indicate that individuals that display high degrees of inspection behavior suffer greater mortality than their noninspecting shoalmates.
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes	10.1093/beheco/3.2.124			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	526
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	Author	Doré,F.Y.; Fiset,S.; Goulet,S.; Dumans,M.-C.; Gagnon,S.
	Title	Search behavior in cats and dogs Interspecific differences in working memory and spatial cognition			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Animal Learning & Behavior	Abbreviated Journal	Anim Learn. & Behav.
	Volume	24	Issue	2	Pages	142-149
	Keywords
	Abstract	Cats and dogs search behavior was compared in different problems where an object was visibly moved behind a screen that was then visibly moved to a new position. In Experiments 1 (cats) and 2 (dogs), one group was tested with identical screens and the other group was tested with dissimilar screens. Results showed that in both species, search behavior was based on processing of spatial information rather than on recognition of the visual features of the target screen. Cats and dogs were unable to find the object by inferring its invisible movement. They reached a high level of success only if there was direct perceptual evidence that the object could not be at its initial position. When the position change was indicated by an indirect cue, cats searched more at the object`s initial than final position, whereas dogs searched equally at both positions. Interspecific similarities and differences are interpreted in terms of the requirements for resetting working memory.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	537
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	Author	SYLVAIN GAGNON,FRANCOISY. DORE
	Title	Search behavior of dogs (Canis familiaris) in invisible displacement problems			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Animal Learning & Behavior	Abbreviated Journal	Anim Learn. & Behav.
	Volume	21	Issue	3	Pages	246-254
	Keywords
	Abstract	Gagnon and Dor (1992) showed that domestic dogs are able to solve a Piagetian object permanence task called the invisible displacement problem. A toy is hidden in a container which is moved behind a screen where the toy is removed and left. Dogs make more errors in these problems than they do in visible displacement tests, in which the object is hidden directly behind the target screen. In Experiment 1, we examinedcomponents ofthe standard procedure of invisible displacements that may make encoding or retention of the hiding location more difficult than it is in visible displacements. In Experiment 2, we compared dogs performances in visible and invisible displacement problems when delays of 0, 10, and 20 sec were introduced between the objects final disappearance and the subjects release. The results revealed that dogs poorer performance in invisible displacement tests is related to the complex sequence of events that have to be encoded or remembered as well as to a difficulty in representing the position change that is signaled, but not directly perceived.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	538
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	Author	Choleris, E.; Kavaliers, M.
	Title	Social Learning in Animals: Sex Differences and Neurobiological Analysis			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior	Abbreviated Journal	Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.
	Volume	64	Issue	4	Pages	767-776
	Keywords	Observational learning; Social learning; Individual learning; Imitation; Social constraints; Social facilitation; male-female differences; Gender differences
	Abstract	Social learning where an “individual's behavior is influenced by observation of, or interaction with, another animal or its products” has been extensively documented in a broad variety of species, including humans. Social learning occurs within the complex framework of an animal's social interactions that are markedly affected by factors such as dominance hierarchies, family bonds, age, and sex of the interacting individuals. Moreover, it is clear that social learning is influenced not only by important sexually dimorphic social constraints but also that it involves attention, motivational, and perceptual mechanisms, all of which exhibit substantial male-female differences. Although sex differences have been demonstrated in a wide range of cognitive and behavioral processes, investigations of male-female differences in social learning and its neurobiological substrates have been largely neglected. As such, sex differences in social learning and its neurobiological substrates merit increased attention. This review briefly considers various aspects of the study of social learning in mammals, and indicates where male-female differences have either been described, neglected and, or could have a potential impact. It also describes the results of neurobiological investigations of social learning and considers the relevance of these findings to other sexually dimorphic cognitive processes.
	Address
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	575
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	Author	ANGLE M, et al
	Title	Androgenes in feral stallions			Type	Conference Volume
	Year	1979	Publication	Symposium on the Ecology and Behavior of wild and feral Equids	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	31-38
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Laramie	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	from Prof. Hans Klingels Equine Reference List			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	641
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	Author	Kavaliers, M.; Colwell, D.D.; Choleris, E.
	Title	Kinship, familiarity and social status modulate social learning about “micropredators” (biting flies) in deer mice			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
	Volume	58	Issue	1	Pages	60-71
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	Abstract
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	710
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	Author	Treichler, F.R.; Van Tilburg, D.
	Title	Concurrent Conditional Discrimination Tests of Transitive Inference by Macaque Monkeys: List Linking			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	22	Issue	1	Pages	105-117
	Keywords
	Abstract	Processing of serial information was assessed by training six macaques on a five-item list of objects arranged into the four conditional pairs, A-B+, B-C+, C-D+, and D-E+. An analogous list (F through J) was similarly trained. Subsequently, both lists were linked by training on E-F+, a pair that provided adjacent elements from each list. Then, all unique and trained object pairs from both lists were presented as a test. Results indicated that the objects were retained as a single, linearly organized list with choice accuracy directly related to interitem distance between paired objects. A second experiment explored the consequences of incidence of conflicting information on list organization. In both experiments, selections depended on representational processes and supported the view that monkeys and pigeons retain serial lists in qualitatively different ways.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	718
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	Author	Byrne, R.W.
	Title	Imitation of novel complex actions: What does the evidence from animals mean?			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2002	Publication	Advances in the Study of Behavior	Abbreviated Journal	Adv Stud Behav
	Volume	31	Issue		Pages	77-105
	Keywords
	Abstract	Summary Underlying the various behaviors that are classified as imitation, there may be several distinct mechanisms, differing in adaptive function, cognitive basis, and computational power. Experiments reporting “true motor imitation” in animals do not as yet give evidence of production learning by imitation; instead, contextual imitation can explain their data, and this can be explained by a simple mechanism (response facilitation) which matches known neural findings. When imitation serves a function in social mimicry, which applies to a wide range of phenomena from neonatal imitation in humans and great apes to pair-bonding in some bird species, the fidelity of the behavioral match is crucial. Learning of novel behavior can potentially be achieved by matching the outcome of a model's action, and it is argued that vocal imitation by birds is a clear example of this method (which is sometimes called emulation). Alternatively, the behavior itself may be perceived in terms of actions that the observer can perform, and thus it may be copied. If the imitation is linear and stringlike (action level), following the surface form rather than the underlying plan, then its utility for learning new instrumental methods is limited. However, the underlying plan of hierarchically organized behavior is visible in output behavior, in subtle but detectable ways, and imitation could instead be based on this organization (program level), extracted automatically by string parsing. Currently, the most likely candidates for such capacities are all great apes. It is argued that this ability to perceive the underlying plan of action, in addition to allowing highly flexible imitation of novel instrumental methods, may have resulted in the competence to understand the intentions (theory of mind) of others.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Academic Press	Place of Publication	San Diego	Editor	Snowdon, C. T.; Roper, T. J.;Rosenblatt,J. S.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	746
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	Author	Berger, J.
	Title	Organizational systems and dominance in feral horses in the Grand Canyon			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1977	Publication	Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
	Volume	2	Issue	2	Pages	131-146
	Keywords
	Abstract	1. Several aspects of the behavioral ecology of feral horses (Equus caballus) were studied in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA. Most bands contained three to five horses that included one stallion and his harem. Males that did not obtain a harem remained solitary. Throughout the study bands remained stable in composition. 2. Home ranges for all bands decreased in size in successive warm months, probably due to increased ambient temperature and drought. This resulted in greater utilization of spring areas that led to increased interband confrontation and agonistic display. 3. Territoriality was not observed in individual horses or bands, but bands hierarchial in both inter- and intraband structures. Interband stallion dominance was reinforced through posturing and fighting. Intraband hierarchies, as determined by dominance coefficients, were independent of individual size in three of four bands. 4. Indexes of nervousness (NER), calculated while horses were drinking, showed that stallions were less nervous than mares. A low NER was correlated with individuals leading toward drinking areas, whereas a high NER existed in individuals initiating flight although no single horse acted consistently as a leader. 5. Diurnal activity patterns were correlated with ambient temperatures.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	748
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