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Author |
Hampton, R.R. |
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Title |
Rhesus monkeys know when they remember |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
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Volume |
98 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
5359-5362 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Choice Behavior/physiology; Cognition/*physiology; Cues; Food Preferences/psychology; Macaca mulatta/*physiology/*psychology; Male; Memory/*physiology; Probability; Psychological Tests; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity |
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Abstract |
Humans are consciously aware of some memories and can make verbal reports about these memories. Other memories cannot be brought to consciousness, even though they influence behavior. This conspicuous difference in access to memories is central in taxonomies of human memory systems but has been difficult to document in animal studies, suggesting that some forms of memory may be unique to humans. Here I show that rhesus macaque monkeys can report the presence or absence of memory. Although it is probably impossible to document subjective, conscious properties of memory in nonverbal animals, this result objectively demonstrates an important functional parallel with human conscious memory. Animals able to discern the presence and absence of memory should improve accuracy if allowed to decline memory tests when they have forgotten, and should decline tests most frequently when memory is attenuated experimentally. One of two monkeys examined unequivocally met these criteria under all test conditions, whereas the second monkey met them in all but one case. Probe tests were used to rule out “cueing” by a wide variety of environmental and behavioral stimuli, leaving detection of the absence of memory per se as the most likely mechanism underlying the monkeys' abilities to selectively decline memory tests when they had forgotten. |
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Section on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Building 49, Room 1B-80, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. robert@ln.nimh.nih.gov |
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0027-8424 |
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PMID:11274360 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2824 |
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Author |
Hauser, M.D.; Kralik, J.; Botto-Mahan, C.; Garrett, M.; Oser, J. |
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Title |
Self-recognition in primates: phylogeny and the salience of species-typical features |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
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Volume |
92 |
Issue |
23 |
Pages |
10811-10814 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Discrimination (Psychology); Exploratory Behavior; Female; Hair Color; Male; Phylogeny; Psychology, Comparative; Research Design; Saguinus/*psychology; *Self Concept; Species Specificity; Touch; *Visual Perception |
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Abstract |
Self-recognition has been explored in nonlinguistic organisms by recording whether individuals touch a dye-marked area on visually inaccessible parts of their face while looking in a mirror or inspect parts of their body while using the mirror's reflection. Only chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, and humans over the age of approximately 2 years consistently evidence self-directed mirror-guided behavior without experimenter training. To evaluate the inferred phylogenetic gap between hominoids and other animals, a modified dye-mark test was conducted with cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus), a New World monkey species. The white hair on the tamarins' head was color-dyed, thereby significantly altering a visually distinctive species-typical feature. Only individuals with dyed hair and prior mirror exposure touched their head while looking in the mirror. They looked longer in the mirror than controls, and some individuals used the mirror to observe visually inaccessible body parts. Prior failures to pass the mirror test may have been due to methodological problems, rather than to phylogenetic differences in the capacity for self-recognition. Specifically, an individual's sensitivity to experimentally modified parts of its body may depend crucially on the relative saliency of the modified part (e.g., face versus hair). Moreover, and in contrast to previous claims, we suggest that the mirror test may not be sufficient for assessing the concept of self or mental state attribution in nonlinguistic organisms. |
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Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA |
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0027-8424 |
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PMID:7479889 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2825 |
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Author |
Hostikka, S.L.; Eddy, R.L.; Byers, M.G.; Hoyhtya, M.; Shows, T.B.; Tryggvason, K. |
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Title |
Identification of a distinct type IV collagen alpha chain with restricted kidney distribution and assignment of its gene to the locus of X chromosome-linked Alport syndrome |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
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Volume |
87 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
1606-1610 |
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Keywords |
Amino Acid Sequence; Base Sequence; Chromosome Mapping; Cloning, Molecular; Collagen/*genetics; Epitopes/analysis; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Gene Library; *Genes; Humans; Immunoblotting; Kidney/cytology/*metabolism; Macromolecular Substances; Molecular Sequence Data; Nephritis, Hereditary/*genetics; Oligopeptides/chemical synthesis/immunology; Placenta/metabolism; Pregnancy; Restriction Mapping; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; *X Chromosome |
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Abstract |
We have identified and extensively characterized a type IV collagen alpha chain, referred to as alpha 5(IV). Four overlapping cDNA clones isolated contain an open reading frame for 543 amino acid residues of the carboxyl-terminal end of a collagenous domain, a 229-residue carboxyl-terminal noncollagenous domain, and 1201 base pairs coding for a 3' untranslated region. The collagenous Gly-Xaa-Yaa repeat sequence has five imperfections that coincide with those in the corresponding region of the alpha 1(IV) chain. The noncollagenous domain has 12 conserved cysteine residues and 83% and 63% sequence identity with the noncollagenous domains of the alpha 1(IV) and alpha 2(IV) chains, respectively. The alpha 5(IV) chain has less sequence identity with the putative bovine alpha 3(IV) and alpha 4(IV) chains. Antiserum against an alpha 5(IV) synthetic peptide stained a polypeptide chain of about 185 kDa by immunoblot analysis and immunolocalization of the chain in human kidney was almost completely restricted to the glomerulus. The gene was assigned to the Xq22 locus by somatic cell hybrids and in situ hybridization. This may be identical or close to the locus of the X chromosome-linked Alport syndrome that is believed to be a type IV collagen disease. |
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Biocenter, University of Oulu, Finland |
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0027-8424 |
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PMID:1689491 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5291 |
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Author |
de Waal, F.B.; Berger, M.L. |
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Title |
Payment for labour in monkeys |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
404 |
Issue |
6778 |
Pages |
563 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Cebus/*physiology; *Cooperative Behavior; Evolution; *Feeding Behavior; Female; Male; Reward |
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Address |
Living Links, Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, and Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA. dewaal@emory.edu |
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0028-0836 |
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Notes |
PMID:10766228 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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190 |
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Author |
Parr, L.A.; de Waal, F.B. |
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Title |
Visual kin recognition in chimpanzees |
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Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
399 |
Issue |
6737 |
Pages |
647-648 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Face; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/*physiology |
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0028-0836 |
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PMID:10385114 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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195 |
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Author |
Dyer, F.C. |
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Title |
Animal behaviour: when it pays to waggle |
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2002 |
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Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
419 |
Issue |
6910 |
Pages |
885-886 |
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Keywords |
*Animal Communication; Animals; Bees/*physiology; California; Dancing/physiology; Environment; Evolution; Female; Flowers/chemistry; *Food; Gravitation; Lighting; Motor Activity/*physiology; Odors; Seasons; Sunlight |
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0028-0836 |
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Notes |
PMID:12410290 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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769 |
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Author |
Gilbert, B.K.; Hailman, J.P. |
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Title |
Uncertainty of leadership-rank in fallow deer |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1966 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
209 |
Issue |
5027 |
Pages |
1041-1042 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Artiodactyla; *Behavior, Animal; Female; *Leadership; Pregnancy |
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0028-0836 |
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PMID:5927524 |
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no |
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Serial |
2057 |
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Author |
Terrace, H.S. |
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Title |
Chunking by a pigeon in a serial learning task |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1987 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
325 |
Issue |
7000 |
Pages |
149-151 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Cognition/*physiology; Columbidae/*physiology; Feedback; Learning/*physiology; Male |
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Abstract |
A basic principle of human memory is that lists that can be organized into memorable 'chunks' are easier to remember. Memory span is limited to a roughly constant number of chunks and is to a large extent independent of the amount of informaton contained in each chunk. Depending on the ingenuity of the code used to integrate discrete items into chunks, one can substantially increase the number of items that can be recalled correctly. Newly developed paradigms for studying memory in non-verbal organisms allow comparison of the abilities of human and non-human subjects to memorize lists. Here I present two types of evidence that pigeons 'chunk' 5-element lists whose components (colours and achromatic geometric forms) are clustered into distinct groups. Those lists were learned twice as rapidly as a homogeneous list of colours or heterogeneous lists in which the elements are not clustered. The pigeons were also tested for knowledge of the order of two elements drawn from the 5-element lists. They responded in the correct order only to those subsets that contained a chunk boundary. Thus chunking can be studied profitably in animal subjects; the cognitive processes that allow an organism to form chunks do no presuppose linguistic competence. |
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0028-0836 |
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Notes |
PMID:3808071 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2792 |
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Author |
Matsuzawa, T. |
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Title |
Use of numbers by a chimpanzee |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1985 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
315 |
Issue |
6014 |
Pages |
57-59 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Cognition; Female; Mathematics; Pan troglodytes/*physiology |
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Abstract |
Recent studies have examined linguistic abilities in apes. However, although human mathematical abilities seem to be derived from the same foundation as those in language, we have little evidence for mathematical abilities in apes (but for exceptions see refs 7-10). In the present study, a 5-yr-old female chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), 'Ai', was trained to use Arabic numerals to name the number of items in a display. Ai mastered numerical naming from one to six and was able to name the number, colour and object of 300 types of samples. Although no particular sequence of describing samples was required, the chimpanzee favoured two sequences (colour/object/number and object/colour/number). The present study demonstrates that the chimpanzee was able to describe the three attributes of the sample items and spontaneously organized the 'word order'. |
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0028-0836 |
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PMID:3990808 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2793 |
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Author |
Berger, J. |
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Title |
Induced abortion and social factors in wild horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1983 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
303 |
Issue |
5912 |
Pages |
59-61 |
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Keywords |
Abortion, Induced/*veterinary; Abortion, Veterinary/*etiology; Aggression/physiology; Animals; Evolution; Female; Horses/*physiology; Humans; Pregnancy; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*physiology |
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Abstract |
Much evidence now suggests that the postnatal killing of young in primates and carnivores, and induced abortions in some rodents, are evolved traits exerting strong selective pressures on adult male and female behaviour. Among ungulates it is perplexing that either no species have developed convergent tactics or that these behaviours are not reported, especially as ungulates have social systems similar to those of members of the above groups. Only in captive horses (Equus caballus) has infant killing been reported. It has been estimated that 40,000 wild horses live in remote areas of the Great Basin Desert of North America (US Department of Interior (Bureau of Land Management), unpublished report), where they occur in harems (females and young) defended by males. Here I present evidence that, rather than killing infants directly, invading males induce abortions in females unprotected by their resident stallions and these females are then inseminated by the new males. |
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0028-0836 |
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PMID:6682487 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4365 |
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