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Author |
Henning, J.M.; Zentall, T.R. |
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Title |
Imitation, social facilitation, and the effects of ACTH 4-10 on rats' bar-pressing behavior |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1981 |
Publication |
The American journal of psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Psychol |
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Volume |
94 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
125-134 |
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Keywords |
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/*pharmacology; Animals; Conditioning, Operant/*drug effects; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Extinction, Psychological/drug effects; Imitative Behavior/*drug effects; Male; Peptide Fragments/*pharmacology; Rats; *Social Facilitation |
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Abstract |
The effects of ACTH 4-10 on rats' imitation learning was examined during the acquisition and extinction of a bar-press response for water reinforcement. Rats were exposed to either a bar-pressing conspecific (OB), an experimentally naive conspecific (ON), or an empty box (OE) during bar-press acquisition. In a factorial design, each rat was then exposed to one of the same three conditions during extinction. An 80 mcg dose of ACTH 4-10 was administered to half of the rats in each group prior to observation. Performance differences during acquisition were generally small, but significant performance differences during extinction were found. Social facilitation was indicated by the finding that rats extinguished in the presence of a conspecific exhibited significantly greater resistance to extinction than rats extinguished in the presence of an empty box. An imitation effect was also found. Rats that observed a bar-pressing conspecific during both acquisition and extinction (group OB-OB) showed significantly greater resistance top extinction than did groups OB-ON, CB-OE, or OE-OE. There were no significant effects of the hormone, however, relative to saline controls. |
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0002-9556 |
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PMID:6263117 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
267 |
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Author |
Biederman, G.B.; Robertson, H.A.; Vanayan, M. |
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Title |
Observational learning of two visual discriminations by pigeons: a within-subjects design |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1986 |
Publication |
Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Anal Behav |
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Volume |
46 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
45-49 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Attention; Columbidae; Conditioning, Operant; Cues; *Discrimination Learning; *Imitative Behavior; Male; Visual Perception |
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Abstract |
Pigeon's observational learning of successive visual discrimination was studied using within-subject comparisons of data from three experimental conditions. Two pairs of discriminative stimuli were used; each bird was exposed to two of the three experimental conditions, with different pairs of stimuli used in a given bird's two conditions. In one condition, observers were exposed to visual discriminative stimuli only. In a second condition, subjects were exposed to a randomly alternating sequence of two stimuli where the one that would subsequently be used as S+ was paired with the operation of the grain magazine. In a third experimental condition, subjects were exposed to the performance of a conspecific in the operant discrimination procedure. After exposures to conspecific performances, there was facilitation of discriminative learning, relative to that which followed exposures to stimulus and reinforcement sequences or exposures to stimulus sequences alone. Exposure to stimulus and food-delivery sequences enhanced performance relative to exposure to stimulus sequences alone. The differential effects of these three types of exposure were not attributable to order effects or to task difficulty; rather, they clearly were due to the type of exposure. |
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0022-5002 |
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PMID:3746187 |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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853 |
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Author |
Horner, V.; Whiten, A.; Flynn, E.; de Waal, F.B.M. |
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Title |
Faithful replication of foraging techniques along cultural transmission chains by chimpanzees and children |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
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Volume |
103 |
Issue |
37 |
Pages |
13878-13883 |
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Animals; Child, Preschool; Humans; *Imitative Behavior; Pan troglodytes/*psychology |
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Abstract |
Observational studies of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have revealed population-specific differences in behavior, thought to represent cultural variation. Field studies have also reported behaviors indicative of cultural learning, such as close observation of adult skills by infants, and the use of similar foraging techniques within a population over many generations. Although experimental studies have shown that chimpanzees are able to learn complex behaviors by observation, it is unclear how closely these studies simulate the learning environment found in the wild. In the present study we have used a diffusion chain paradigm, whereby a behavior is passed from one individual to the next in a linear sequence in an attempt to simulate intergenerational transmission of a foraging skill. Using a powerful three-group, two-action methodology, we found that alternative methods used to obtain food from a foraging device (“lift door” versus “slide door”) were accurately transmitted along two chains of six and five chimpanzees, respectively, such that the last chimpanzee in the chain used the same method as the original trained model. The fidelity of transmission within each chain is remarkable given that several individuals in the no-model control group were able to discover either method by individual exploration. A comparative study with human children revealed similar results. This study is the first to experimentally demonstrate the linear transmission of alternative foraging techniques by non-human primates. Our results show that chimpanzees have a capacity to sustain local traditions across multiple simulated generations. |
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Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Psychology, University of St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9JP, United Kingdom |
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0027-8424 |
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PMID:16938863 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
159 |
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Author |
Janik, V.M. |
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Title |
Whistle matching in wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
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Volume |
289 |
Issue |
5483 |
Pages |
1355-1357 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Animals, Wild/physiology; Dolphins/*physiology; *Imitative Behavior; *Learning; *Social Behavior; *Vocalization, Animal |
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Abstract |
Dolphin communication is suspected to be complex, on the basis of their call repertoires, cognitive abilities, and ability to modify signals through vocal learning. Because of the difficulties involved in observing and recording individual cetaceans, very little is known about how they use their calls. This report shows that wild, unrestrained bottlenose dolphins use their learned whistles in matching interactions, in which an individual responds to a whistle of a conspecific by emitting the same whistle type. Vocal matching occurred over distances of up to 580 meters and is indicative of animals addressing each other individually. |
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School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, Bute Building, Fife KY16 9TS, UK |
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0036-8075 |
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Notes |
PMID:10958783 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
550 |
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Author |
Rizzolatti, G.; Fogassi, L.; Gallese, V. |
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Title |
Mirrors of the mind |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Scientific American |
Abbreviated Journal |
Sci Am |
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Volume |
295 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
54-61 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Brain/*physiology; Cognition/*physiology; Discrimination (Psychology)/physiology; Emotions/physiology; Humans; Imitative Behavior; Learning/*physiology; Mental Processes/*physiology; Motor Activity/physiology; Neurons/physiology; Recognition (Psychology); Sensation/physiology |
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Neurosciences Department, University of Parma, Italy |
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0036-8733 |
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PMID:17076084 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2829 |
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Author |
Akins, C.K.; Klein, E.D.; Zentall, T.R. |
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Title |
Imitative learning in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) using the bidirectional control procedure |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Animal learning & behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim Learn Behav |
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Volume |
30 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
275-281 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Attention; Behavior, Animal; Coturnix; *Discrimination Learning; *Imitative Behavior; Male; Smell |
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Abstract |
In the bidirectional control procedure, observers are exposed to a conspecific demonstrator responding to a manipulandum in one of two directions (e.g., left vs. right). This procedure controls for socially mediated effects (the mere presence of a conspecific) and stimulus enhancement (attention drawn to a manipulandum by its movement), and it has the added advantage of being symmetrical (the two different responses are similar in topography). Imitative learning is demonstrated when the observers make the response in the direction that they observed it being made. Recently, however, it has been suggested that when such evidence is found with a predominantly olfactory animal, such as the rat, it may result artifactually from odor cues left on one side of the manipulandum by the demonstrator. In the present experiment, we found that Japanese quail, for which odor cues are not likely to play a role, also showed significant correspondence between the direction in which the demonstrator and the observer push a screen to gain access to reward. Furthermore, control quail that observed the screen move, when the movement of the screen was not produced by the demonstrator, did not show similar correspondence between the direction of screen movement observed and that performed by the observer. Thus, with the appropriate control, the bidirectional procedure appears to be useful for studying imitation in avian species. |
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University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0044, USA |
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0090-4996 |
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PMID:12391793 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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239 |
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Author |
Heyes, C.M.; Dawson, G.R. |
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Title |
A demonstration of observational learning in rats using a bidirectional control |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B: Comparative and Physiological Psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Q J Exp Psychol B |
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42 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
59-71 |
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Keywords |
appetite; attention; imitation; problem solving; psychomotor performance; Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Imitative Behavior; Problem Solving; Psychomotor Performance |
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Abstract |
Hungry rats observed a conspecific demonstrator pushing a single manipulandum, a joystick, to the right or to the left for food reward and were then allowed access to the joystick from a different orientation. The effects of right-pushing vs left-pushing observation experience on (1) response acquisition, (2) reversal of a left-right discrimination, and (3) responding in extinction, were examined. Rats that had observed left-pushing made more left responses during acquisition than rats that had observed right-pushing, and rats that had observed demonstrators pushing in the direction that had previously been reinforced took longer to reach criterion reversal and made more responses in extinction than rats that had observed demonstrators pushing in the opposite direction to that previously reinforced. These results provide evidence that rats are capable of learning a response, or a response-reinforcer contingency, through conspecific observation. |
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University of Cambridge, U.K. |
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02724995 (Issn) |
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Cited By (since 1996): 49; Export Date: 17 May 2007; Source: Scopus; Language of Original Document: English; Correspondence Address: Heyes, C.M. |
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1766 |
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Author |
Klein, E.D.; Zentall, T.R. |
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Title |
Imitation and affordance learning by pigeons (Columba livia) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Psychol |
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Volume |
117 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
414-419 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Columbidae; Cues; *Imitative Behavior; *Learning; Odors; Sound |
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Abstract |
The bidirectional control procedure was used to determine whether pigeons (Columba livia) would imitate a demonstrator that pushed a sliding screen for food. One group of observers saw a trained demonstrator push a sliding screen door with its beak (imitation group), whereas 2 other groups watched the screen move independently (possibly learning how the environment works) with a conspecific either present (affordance learning with social facilitation) or absent (affordance learning alone). A 4th group could not see the screen being pushed (sound and odor control). Imitation was evidenced by the finding that pigeons that saw a demonstrator push the screen made a higher proportion of matching screen pushes than observers in 2 appropriate control conditions. Further, observers that watched a screen move without a demonstrator present made a significantly higher proportion of matching screen pushes than would be expected by chance. Thus, these pigeons were capable of affordance learning. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-004, USA |
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0735-7036 |
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PMID:14717643 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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234 |
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Author |
Dorrance, B.R.; Zentall, T.R. |
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Title |
Imitation of conditional discriminations in pigeons (Columba livia) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Psychol |
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Volume |
116 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
277-285 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Columbidae; Conditioning (Psychology)/*physiology; Discrimination Learning/*physiology; Habituation, Psychophysiologic; *Imitative Behavior; Light; Reinforcement (Psychology) |
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In the present experiments, the 2-action method was used to determine whether pigeons could learn to imitate a conditional discrimination. Demonstrator pigeons (Columba livia) stepped on a treadle in the presence of 1 light and pecked at the treadle in the presence of another light. Demonstration did not seem to affect acquisition of the conditional discrimination (Experiment 1) but did facilitate its reversal of the conditional discrimination (Experiments 2 and 3). The results suggest that pigeons are not only able to learn a specific behavior by observing another pigeon, but they can also learn under which circumstances to perform that behavior. The results have implications for proposed mechanisms of imitation in animals. |
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Department of Psychology, Augustana College, Rock Island, Illinois 61201, USA. psdorrance@augustana.edu |
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0735-7036 |
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PMID:12234078 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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240 |
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Author |
Dorrance, B.R.; Zentall, T.R. |
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Title |
Imitative learning in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) depends on the motivational state of the observer quail at the time of observation |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Psychol |
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115 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
62-67 |
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Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Coturnix; Female; *Imitative Behavior; *Learning; Male; *Motivation; Reinforcement (Psychology); Time Factors |
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The 2-action method was used to examine whether imitative learning in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) depends on the motivational state of the observer quail at the time of observation of the demonstrated behavior. Two groups of observers were fed before observation (satiated groups), whereas 2 other groups of observers were deprived of food before observation (hungry groups). Quail were tested either immediately following observation or after a 30-min delay. Results indicated that quail in the hungry groups imitated, whereas those in the satiated groups did not, regardless of whether their test was immediate or delayed. The results suggest that observer quail may not learn (through observation) behavior that leads to a reinforcer for which they are unmotivated at the time of test. In addition, the results show that quail are able to delay the performance of a response acquired through observation (i.e., they show deferred imitation). |
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Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506-0044, USA |
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0735-7036 |
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PMID:11334220 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
245 |
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