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Author |
Barrey, E.; Desliens, F.; Poirel, D.; Biau, S.; Lemaire, S.; Rivero, J.L.L.; Langlois, B. |
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Title |
Early evaluation of dressage ability in different breeds |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J Suppl |
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Volume |
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Issue |
34 |
Pages |
319-324 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Biomechanics; Breeding; Discriminant Analysis; Female; Forelimb; Gait/genetics/*physiology; Hindlimb; Horses/anatomy & histology/*genetics/*physiology; Male; Photography/veterinary; *Physical Conditioning, Animal; Sports |
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Abstract |
Dressage is one of the Olympic equestrian sports practiced in several countries using different horse breeds. Specific characteristics of the walk, trot and canter are required for dressage. It has been assumed that some of these traits could be selected for genetically and contribute to dressage performance. The purpose of this study was to compare the walk, trot and conformation characteristics in young horses of different breeds used for dressage. A total of 142 horses age 3 years were classified into 3 groups of breeds (German, French and Spanish saddle horses) and tested using the same procedure. The skeletal conformation measurements were made by image analysis. Gait variables of the walk and trot were measured by the accelerometric gait analysis system Equimetrix. Discriminant analysis could explain the variability between the groups by taking into account the walk (P<0.0003), trot (P<0.0001) and conformation variables (P<0.0001). Many gait and conformation variables were significantly different between the breeds. In summary, the German horses had gait characteristics more adapted for dressage competition, and the results of this group could be used as a reference for early evaluation in dressage. Purebred Spanish horses could be considered as a reference for collected gaits used for farm work and old academic dressage. The gait and conformation tests could be applied in a breeding or crossing plan to detect more accurately young horses with good dressage ability. |
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INRA, Station de Genetique Quantitative et Appliquee, Groupe Cheval, Jouy-en-Josas, France |
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PMID:12405708 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3726 |
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Author |
Morley, K.I.; Montgomery, G.W. |
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Title |
The genetics of cognitive processes: candidate genes in humans and animals |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Behavior Genetics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav Genet |
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Volume |
31 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
511-531 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Chromosome Mapping; Drosophila melanogaster; Genetic Markers/*genetics; Humans; Intelligence/*genetics; Mental Retardation/genetics; Mice; Phenotype; Quantitative Trait, Heritable |
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Abstract |
It has been hypothesized that numerous genes contribute to individual variation in human cognition. An extensive search of the scientific literature was undertaken to identify candidate genes which might contribute to this complex trait. A list of over 150 candidate genes that may influence some aspect of cognition was compiled. Some genes are particularly strong candidates based on evidence for involvement in cognitive processes in humans, mice, and Drosophila melanogaster. This survey confirms that many genes are associated with cognitive variation and highlights the potential importance of animal models in the study of human cognition. |
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Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia |
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0001-8244 |
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PMID:11838530 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4141 |
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Author |
Bouchard, T.J.J.; Loehlin, J.C. |
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Title |
Genes, evolution, and personality |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Behavior Genetics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav Genet |
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31 |
Issue |
3 |
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243-273 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Evolution; Genetics, Behavioral; Humans; Individuality; Personality/*genetics; Twin Studies |
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Abstract |
There is abundant evidence, some of it reviewed in this paper, that personality traits are substantially influenced by the genes. Much remains to be understood about how and why this is the case. We argue that placing the behavior genetics of personality in the context of epidemiology, evolutionary psychology, and neighboring psychological domains such as interests and attitudes should help lead to new insights. We suggest that important methodological advances, such as measuring traits from multiple viewpoints, using large samples, and analyzing data by modern multivariate techniques, have already led to major changes in our view of such perennial puzzles as the role of “unshared environment” in personality. In the long run, but not yet, approaches via molecular genetics and brain physiology may also make decisive contributions to understanding the heritability of personality traits. We conclude that the behavior genetics of personality is alive and flourishing but that there remains ample scope for new growth and that much social science research is seriously compromised if it does not incorporate genetic variation in its explanatory models. |
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Department of Psychology. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA. bouch001@tc.umn.edu |
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0001-8244 |
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PMID:11699599 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4142 |
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Author |
Weiss, A.; King, J.E.; Figueredo, A.J. |
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Title |
The heritability of personality factors in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Behavior Genetics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav Genet |
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Volume |
30 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
213-221 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Female; Humans; Male; Models, Genetic; Pan troglodytes/*genetics; Personality/*genetics; Social Environment |
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Abstract |
Human personality and behavior genetic studies have resulted in a growing consensus that five heritable factors account for most variance in human personality. Prior research showed that chimpanzee personality is composed of a dominance-related factor and five human-like factors--Surgency, Dependability, Emotional Stability, Agreeableness, and Openness. Genetic, shared zoo, and nonshared environmental variance components of the six factors were estimated by regressing squared phenotypic differences of all possible pairs of chimpanzees onto 1 – Rij, where Rij equals the degree of relationship and a variable indicating whether the pair was housed in the same zoo. Dominance showed significant narrow-sense heritability. Shared zoo effects accounted for only a negligible proportion of the variance for all factors. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA. aweiss@u.arizona.edu |
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0001-8244 |
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Notes |
PMID:11105395 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4143 |
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Author |
Boice, R. |
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Title |
Behavioral comparability of wild and domesticated rats |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1981 |
Publication |
Behavior Genetics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav Genet |
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Volume |
11 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
545-553 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Female; Genetics, Behavioral; Intelligence; Learning; Male; Rats/*genetics |
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Abstract |
The oft-repeated concern for the lack of behavioral comparability of domestic rats with wild forms of Rattus norvegicus is unfounded. Laboratory rats appear to show the potential for all wild-type behaviors, including the most dramatic social postures. Moreover, domestics are capable of assuming a feral existence without difficulty, one where they readily behave in a fashion indistinguishable from wild rats. The one behavioral difference that is clearly established concerns performance in laboratory learning paradigms. The superiority of domestics in these laboratory tasks speaks more to quieting the concerns of degeneracy theorists than to problems of using domestic Norway rats as subjects representative of their species. |
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0001-8244 |
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PMID:7325955 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4144 |
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Author |
Stock, K.F.; Distl, O. |
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Title |
Evaluation of expected response to selection for orthopedic health and performance traits in Hanoverian Warmblood horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
American Journal of Veterinary Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Vet Res |
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Volume |
66 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
1371-1379 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Bone Diseases/genetics/*veterinary; *Breeding; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Horse Diseases/*genetics; Horses/*genetics; Joint Diseases/genetics/*veterinary; Selection (Genetics) |
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Abstract |
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether selection schemes accounting for orthopedic health traits were compatible with breeding progress in performance parameters in Hanoverian Warmblood horses. ANIMALS: 5,928 horses. PROCEDURE: Relative breeding values (RBVs) were predicted for osseous fragments in fetlock (metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal) and tarsal joints, deforming arthropathy in tarsal joints, and pathologic changes in distal sesamoid bones. Selection schemes were developed on the basis of total indices for radiographic findings (TIR), dressage (TID), and jumping (TIJ). Response to selection was traced over 2 generations of horses for dressage and jumping ability and all-purpose breeding. Development of mean RBVs and mean total indices in sires and prevalences of orthopedic health traits in their offspring were used to assess response to selection. RESULTS: Giving equal weight toTIR andTID, TIJ, or a combined index of 60% TID and 40% TIJ, 43% to 53% of paternal grandsires and 70% to 82% of descending sires passed selection. In each case, RBVs and total indices increased by as much as 9% in selected sires, when compared with all sires, and prevalences of orthopedic health traits in offspring of selected sires decreased relatively by as much as 16%. When selection was exclusively based on TID, TIJ, or TID and TIJ, percentages of selected sires were 44% to 66% in the first and 73% to 84% in the second generation and TID and TIJ increased by 9% to 10% and 19% to 23%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Compared with exclusively performance-based selection, percentages of selected sires changed slightly and breeding progress in TID, TIJ, or TID and TIJ was only slightly decreased; however, prevalences of orthopedic health traits decreased in offspring of TIR-selected sires. |
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Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover (Foundation), Bunteweg 17p, 30559 Hannover, Germany |
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0002-9645 |
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PMID:16173480 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3713 |
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Author |
Nettle, D. |
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Title |
The evolution of personality variation in humans and other animals |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
The American Psychologist |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am Psychol |
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Volume |
61 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
622-631 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Birds; *Evolution; Female; Fishes; Humans; Insects; Male; Personality/*genetics/*physiology |
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Abstract |
A comprehensive evolutionary framework for understanding the maintenance of heritable behavioral variation in humans is yet to be developed. Some evolutionary psychologists have argued that heritable variation will not be found in important, fitness-relevant characteristics because of the winnowing effect of natural selection. This article propounds the opposite view. Heritable variation is ubiquitous in all species, and there are a number of frameworks for understanding its persistence. The author argues that each of the Big Five dimensions of human personality can be seen as the result of a trade-off between different fitness costs and benefits. As there is no unconditionally optimal value of these trade-offs, it is to be expected that genetic diversity will be retained in the population. |
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University of Newcastle, Newcastle, United Kingdom. daniel.nettle@ncl.ac.uk |
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0003-066X |
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PMID:16953749 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4105 |
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Author |
McClearn, G.E. |
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Title |
Behavioral genetics |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1971 |
Publication |
Behavioral Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav Sci |
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Volume |
16 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
64-81 |
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Keywords |
Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Animals; Aptitude; Behavior, Animal; Chromosome Aberrations; Cognition; Cytogenetics; Female; *Genetics, Behavioral; Genetics, Population; Humans; Intelligence; Mental Retardation; Mice; Models, Biological; Personality; Phenylketonurias; Pregnancy; Research; Schizophrenia; Sex Chromosome Aberrations; Twins |
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0005-7940 |
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PMID:5105941 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4150 |
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Author |
Yokoyama, S.; Radlwimmer, F.B. |
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Title |
The molecular genetics of red and green color vision in mammals |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Genetics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Genetics |
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Volume |
153 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
919-932 |
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Keywords |
Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Base Sequence; COS Cells; Cats; Color Perception/*genetics; DNA Primers; Deer; Dolphins; *Evolution, Molecular; Goats; Guinea Pigs; Horses; Humans; Mammals/*genetics/physiology; Mice; Molecular Sequence Data; Opsin/biosynthesis/chemistry/*genetics; *Phylogeny; Rabbits; Rats; Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sciuridae; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; Transfection |
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Abstract |
To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of red-green color vision in mammals, we have cloned and sequenced the red and green opsin cDNAs of cat (Felis catus), horse (Equus caballus), gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). These opsins were expressed in COS1 cells and reconstituted with 11-cis-retinal. The purified visual pigments of the cat, horse, squirrel, deer, and guinea pig have lambdamax values at 553, 545, 532, 531, and 516 nm, respectively, which are precise to within +/-1 nm. We also regenerated the “true” red pigment of goldfish (Carassius auratus), which has a lambdamax value at 559 +/- 4 nm. Multiple linear regression analyses show that S180A, H197Y, Y277F, T285A, and A308S shift the lambdamax values of the red and green pigments in mammals toward blue by 7, 28, 7, 15, and 16 nm, respectively, and the reverse amino acid changes toward red by the same extents. The additive effects of these amino acid changes fully explain the red-green color vision in a wide range of mammalian species, goldfish, American chameleon (Anolis carolinensis), and pigeon (Columba livia). |
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Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA. syokoyam@mailbox.syr.edu |
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0016-6731 |
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PMID:10511567 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4063 |
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Author |
Hintz, R.L. |
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Title |
Genetics of performance in the horse |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1980 |
Publication |
Journal of Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim Sci. |
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Volume |
51 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
582-594 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Exertion; Horses/*genetics/physiology; Sports |
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Abstract |
Criteria used to measure performance, environmental factors that influence performance and estimates of heritability are needed to estimate genetic differences. Published heritability estimates of various measures of performance in the horse are summarized. The average heritability estimates of pulling ability and cutting ability are .25 and .04, respectively. Heritability estimates are .18, .19 and .17 for log of earnings from jumping, 3-day event and dressage performance, respectively. Heritability estimates of performance rates, log of earnings, earnings, handicap weight, best handicap weight, time and best time for the Thoroughbred are .55, .49, .09, .49, .33, .15 and .23, respectively. Heritability estimates of log of earnings, earnings, time and best time for the trotter are .41, .20, .32, and .25, respectively. The heritability estimate of best time for the pacer is .23. The effectiveness of selection will depend on which performance trait is to be improved. |
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0021-8812 |
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PMID:7440446 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3758 |
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