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	Author	Zentall, T.R.; Hogan, D.E.; Edwards, C.A.; Hearst, E.
	Title	Oddity learning in the pigeon as a function of the number of incorrect alternatives			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1980	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	6	Issue	3	Pages	278-299
	Keywords	Animals; Choice Behavior; Color Perception; Columbidae; Discrimination Learning
	Abstract	Pigeons' rate of learning a two-color oddity task increased as a function of the number of incorrect alternatives from 2 to 24 in Experiments 1, 2, and 3. In general, pigeons that were transferred from many-incorrect-alternative to two-incorrect-alternative oddity performed better than controls, but considerably below baseline (Experiments 2 and 3). In Experiment 4, pigeons showed no unconditioned tendency to peck the odd stimulus among 24 incorect alternatives, when pecks were nondifferentially reinforced, and in Experiment 5, when this procedure was preceded by oddity training, a progressive drop in odd-stimulus pecking was found. In Experiment 6, pigeons exposed to a nine-stimulus array in which the odd stimulus appeared (a) in the center or (b) separate from the array learned faster than when the odd stimulus was at the edge. This outcome suggests ththe figure-ground relation between the odd stimulus and the incorrect alternatives plays a role in the facilitation produced by increasing the number of incorrect alternatives but that poor performance on the standard, three-alternative oddity task appears to be due to center-odd trials which provide a difficult size or number discrimination.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:7391753			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	268
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	Author	Hampton, R.R.; Shettleworth, S.J.
	Title	Hippocampal lesions impair memory for location but not color in passerine birds			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Behavioral neuroscience	Abbreviated Journal	Behav Neurosci
	Volume	110	Issue	4	Pages	831-835
	Keywords	Animals; Appetitive Behavior/physiology; Birds/physiology; Brain Mapping; Color Perception/physiology; Discrimination Learning/physiology; Hippocampus/physiology; Long-Term Potentiation/physiology; Mental Recall/physiology; Orientation/*physiology; Species Specificity
	Abstract	The effects of hippocampal complex lesions on memory for location and color were assessed in black-capped chickadees (Parus atricapillus) and dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) in operant tests of matching to sample. Before surgery, most birds were more accurate on tests of memory for location than on tests of memory for color. Damage to the hippocampal complex caused a decline in memory for location, whereas memory for color was not affected in the same birds. This dissociation indicates that the avian hippocampus plays an important role in spatial cognition and suggests that this brain structure may play no role in working memory generally.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7044	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8864273			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	376
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	Author	Reid, P.J.; Shettleworth, S.J.
	Title	Detection of cryptic prey: search image or search rate?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1992	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	18	Issue	3	Pages	273-286
	Keywords	Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Color Perception; Columbidae; Discrimination Learning; Food Preferences/psychology; Imagination; Mental Recall; *Predatory Behavior
	Abstract	Animals' improvement in capturing cryptic prey with experience has long been attributed to a perceptual mechanism, the specific search image. Detection could also be improved by adjusting rate of search. In a series of studies using both naturalistic and operant search tasks, pigeons searched for wheat, dyed to produce 1 conspicuous and 2 equally cryptic prey types. Contrary to the predictions of the search-rate hypothesis, pigeons given a choice between the 2 cryptic types took the type experienced most recently. However, experience with 1 cryptic type improved accuracy on the other cryptic type, a result inconsistent with a search image specific to 1 prey type. Search image may better be thought of as priming of attention to those features of the prey type that best distinguish the prey from the background.
	Address	University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:1619395			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	381
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	Author	Mrosovsky, N.; Shettleworth, S.J.
	Title	Wavelength preferences and brightness cues in the water finding behaviour of sea turtles			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1968	Publication	Behaviour	Abbreviated Journal	Behaviour
	Volume	32	Issue	4	Pages	211-257
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Color Perception; Cues; Light; *Turtles; Water
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0005-7959	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:5717260			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	391
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	Author	Hall, C.A.; Cassaday, H.J.; Vincent, C.J.; Derrington, A.M.
	Title	Cone excitation ratios correlate with color discrimination performance in the horse (Equus caballus)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	120	Issue	4	Pages	438-448
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Color Perception; Discrimination (Psychology); Discrimination Learning; Horses; Photoreceptors, Vertebrate/*physiology
	Abstract	Six horses (Equus caballus) were trained to discriminate color from grays in a counterbalanced sequence in which lightness cues were irrelevant. Subsequently, the pretrained colors were presented in a different sequence. Two sets of novel colors paired with novel grays were also tested. Performance was just as good in these transfer tests. Once the horse had learned to select the chromatic from the achromatic stimulus, regardless of the specific color, they were immediately able to apply this rule to novel stimuli. In terms of the underlying visual mechanisms, the present study showed for the first time that the spectral sensitivity of horse cone photopigments, measured as cone excitation ratios, was correlated with color discrimination performance, measured as accuracy, repeated errors, and latency of approach.
	Address	School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, United Kingdom. carol.hall@ntu.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17115866			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1780
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	Author	Sovrano, V.A.; Bisazza, A.; Vallortigara, G.
	Title	How fish do geometry in large and in small spaces			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	10	Issue	1	Pages	47-54
	Keywords	Animals; Association Learning; Color Perception; Cues; Discrimination Learning; Distance Perception; Fishes; Male; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Social Environment; *Space Perception; Visual Perception
	Abstract	It has been shown that children and non-human animals seem to integrate geometric and featural information to different extents in order to reorient themselves in environments of different spatial scales. We trained fish (redtail splitfins, Xenotoca eiseni) to reorient to find a corner in a rectangular tank with a distinctive featural cue (a blue wall). Then we tested fish after displacement of the feature on another adjacent wall. In the large enclosure, fish chose the two corners with the feature, and also tended to choose among them the one that maintained the correct arrangement of the featural cue with respect to geometric sense (i.e. left-right position). In contrast, in the small enclosure, fish chose both the two corners with the features and the corner, without any feature, that maintained the correct metric arrangement of the walls with respect to geometric sense. Possible reasons for species differences in the use of geometric and non-geometric information are discussed.
	Address	Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia, 8, 35131, Padova, Italy. valeriaanna.sovrano@unipd.it
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16794851			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2462
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	Author	Vonk, J.
	Title	Gorilla ( Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and orangutan ( Pongo abelii) understanding of first- and second-order relations			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	6	Issue	2	Pages	77-86
	Keywords	Animals; Cognition; Color Perception; Female; Gorilla gorilla/psychology; Male; Pongo pygmaeus/*psychology; Task Performance and Analysis
	Abstract	Four orangutans and one gorilla matched images in a delayed matching-to-sample (DMTS) task based on the relationship between items depicted in those images, thus demonstrating understanding of both first- and second-order relations. Subjects matched items on the basis of identity, color, or shape (first-order relations, experiment 1) or same shape, same color between items (second-order relations, experiment 2). Four of the five subjects performed above chance on the second-order relations DMTS task within the first block of five sessions. High levels of performance on this task did not result from reliance on perceptual feature matching and thus indicate the capability for abstract relational concepts in two species of great ape.
	Address	York University, 4700 Keele Street,Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada. jxv9592@louisiana.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12687418			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2578
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	Author	Hauber, M.E.; Sherman, P.W.
	Title	Designing and interpreting experimental tests of self-referent phenotype matching			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	6	Issue	1	Pages	69-71
	Keywords	Animals; Birds; Body Constitution; Color; Humans; Pedigree; Perception; Phenotype; Recognition (Psychology); Research Design; *Self Psychology
	Abstract
	Address	Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2702, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12658536			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2580
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	Author	Katz, M.; Lachlan, R.F.
	Title	Social learning of food types in zebra finches (Taenopygia guttata) is directed by demonstrator sex and feeding activity			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	6	Issue	1	Pages	11-16
	Keywords	Animals; Color; Diet; Feeding Behavior; Female; Learning; Male; Sex Factors; Social Behavior; Songbirds
	Abstract	In this study we examined how social learning of feeding preferences by zebra finches was affected by the identity of different demonstrators. We presented adult zebra finches with two demonstrators, one male and one female, that exhibited different food choices, and we recorded their subsequent preference when given a choice between the two food types. Previously it was found that young zebra finches' patterns of social learning are affected by the sex of the individual demonstrating a feeding behaviour. This result could be explained by the lack of exposure these animals had to the opposite sex, or by their mating status. Therefore, we investigated the social learning preferences of adult mated zebra finches. We found the same pattern of directed social learning of a different type of feeding behaviour (food colour): female zebra finches preferred the colour of food eaten by male demonstrators, whereas male zebra finches showed little evidence of any preference for the colour of food eaten by female demonstrators. Furthermore, we found that female observers' preferences were biased by demonstrators' relative feeding activity: the female demonstrator was only ever preferred if it ate less than its male counterpart.
	Address	Institute of Evolutionary and Ecological Science, University of Leiden, Kaiserstraat 63, 2311GP, Leiden, The Netherlands
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12658531			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2585
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	Author	Beran, M.J.; Beran, M.M.; Harris, E.H.; Washburn, D.A.
	Title	Ordinal judgments and summation of nonvisible sets of food items by two chimpanzees and a rhesus macaque			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	31	Issue	3	Pages	351-362
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Chi-Square Distribution; Cognition; Color Perception/physiology; Female; Food; Judgment/physiology; Macaca mulatta; Male; Pan troglodytes; Serial Learning/*physiology; Size Perception
	Abstract	Two chimpanzees and a rhesus macaque rapidly learned the ordinal relations between 5 colors of containers (plastic eggs) when all containers of a given color contained a specific number of identical food items. All 3 animals also performed at high levels when comparing sets of containers with sets of visible food items. This indicates that the animals learned the approximate quantity of food items in containers of a given color. However, all animals failed in a summation task, in which a single container was compared with a set of 2 containers of a lesser individual quantity but a greater combined quantity. This difficulty was not overcome by sequential presentation of containers into opaque receptacles, but performance improved if the quantitative difference between sizes was very large.
	Address	Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Decatur, 30034, USA. mjberan@yahoo.com
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16045389			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2766
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