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Author |
Antonius. O., |
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Title |
Beobachtungen an Einhufern in Schönbrunn. XVI. Das Damarazebra |
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Journal Article |
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1940 |
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Zoologische Garten |
Abbreviated Journal |
Zool. Garten. |
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12 |
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247-257 |
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from Prof. Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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888 |
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PITRA, C.H.; STREICH, W.J.; REINSCH, A.; FICKEL, J. |
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Title |
Die Population des Somali-Wildesels (Equus africanus somalicus Sclater) in menschlicher Obhut: Demographische und genetische Aspekte |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
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Zoologische Garten |
Abbreviated Journal |
Zool. Garten. |
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N.F. 65 |
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4 |
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245-257 |
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1472 |
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Author |
Skorkowski E, |
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Title |
Studies on the systematical position on species, belonging to the genus Equinus |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1955 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Zool Poloniae |
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6 |
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238-292 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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1599 |
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Author |
Keay, J.M.; Singh, J.; Gaunt, M.C.; Kaur, T. |
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Title |
Fecal glucocorticoids and their metabolites as indicators of stress in various mammalian species: a literature review |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
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Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Zoo Wildl Med |
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37 |
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3 |
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234-244 |
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Animals; *Animals, Wild/metabolism; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods/veterinary; Circadian Rhythm; Conservation of Natural Resources; *Ecosystem; Feces/*chemistry; Glucocorticoids/*analysis/metabolism; Humans; Seasons; Species Specificity; Specimen Handling/methods/veterinary; Stress, Psychological/*metabolism |
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Abstract |
Conservation medicine is a discipline in which researchers and conservationists study and respond to the dynamic interplay between animals, humans, and the environment. From a wildlife perspective, animal species are encountering stressors from numerous sources. With the rapidly increasing human population, a corresponding increased demand for food, fuel, and shelter; habitat destruction; and increased competition for natural resources, the health and well-being of wild animal populations is increasingly at risk of disease and endangerment. Scientific data are needed to measure the impact that human encroachment is having on wildlife. Nonbiased biometric data provide a means to measure the amount of stress being imposed on animals from humans, the environment, and other animals. The stress response in animals functions via glucocorticoid metabolism and is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Fecal glucocorticoids, in particular, may be an extremely useful biometric test, since sample collection is noninvasive to subjects and, therefore, does not introduce other variables that may alter assay results. For this reason, many researchers and conservationists have begun to use fecal glucocorticoids as a means to measure stress in various animal species. This review article summarizes the literature on many studies in which fecal glucocorticoids and their metabolites have been used to assess stress levels in various mammalian species. Variations between studies are the main focus of this review. Collection methods, storage conditions, shipping procedures, and laboratory techniques utilized by different researchers are discussed. |
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Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 0442 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA |
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English |
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1042-7260 |
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PMID:17319120 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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616 |
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Author |
RÖHRS, M.; EBINGER, P. |
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Title |
Progressive und regressive Hirngrößenveränderungen bei Equiden |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1993 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Z zool Syst Evolut forsch |
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31 |
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233-239 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
Approved |
yes |
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Call Number |
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1513 |
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Author |
Giebel, H.D. |
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Title |
Visuelles lernvermögen bei Einhufern |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1958 |
Publication |
Horse Behavior, 1983 |
Abbreviated Journal |
Zool. Jahrb. 67 |
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229-231 |
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Cited By (since 1996): 1; Export Date: 24 October 2008 |
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Admin @ knut @ |
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4588 |
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Author |
Kaseda Y, |
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Title |
The structure of the groups of Misaki horses in Toi Cape |
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1981 |
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Jpn. J Zootech Sci |
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52 |
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227-235 |
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Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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Call Number |
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1233 |
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Author |
Carlstead, K.; Brown, J.L. |
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Relationships between patterns of Fecal corticoid excretion and behavior, reproduction, and environmental factors in captive black (Diceros bicornis) and white (Ceratotherium simum) rhinoceros |
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Journal Article |
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2005 |
Publication |
Zoo Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Zoo Biol. |
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24 |
Issue |
3 |
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215-232 |
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stress; adrenal activity; olfactory behavior; ovarian activity; reproduction; mortality |
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Mortality is high in zoo-housed black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis), and the reproductive rates of captive white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) are unsustainably low. To determine the possible role of stress in the causation of these problems, we analyzed weekly fecal samples collected for 1 year from black (10 males and 16 females) and white (six males and 13 females) rhinoceroses at 16 zoos for corticoid metabolite concentrations. Fecal corticoid profiles were examined in relation to behavior as rated by keepers in a questionnaire, luteal phase ovarian cycles of females (Brown et al., 2001), and socioenvironmental factors. We compared individual fecal corticoid profiles by examining hormone means and variability (i.e., standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation (CV)). For the black rhinos, higher mean corticoid concentrations were found at zoos where rhinos were maintained in enclosures that were exposed to the public around a greater portion of the perimeter. Higher variability in corticoid excretion was correlated with higher rates of fighting between breeding partners and higher institutional mortality rates. Black rhino pairs that were kept separated exhibited lower corticoid variability and less fighting activity when they were introduced during female estrous periods compared to pairs that were kept together every day. For white rhinos, significantly lower mean corticoids were found for individuals that rated higher on “friendliness to keeper.” Higher corticoid variability was found in noncycling as compared to cycling white rhino females. Noncycling females exhibited higher rates of stereotypic pacing and lower frequencies of olfactory behaviors. Interindividual differences in mean corticoids in both species appeared to be related to responsiveness to humans, whereas corticoid variability was related to intraspecific social relationships. More importantly, high corticoid variability appeared to be an indicator of chronic or “bad” stress, because of its association with potentially deleterious consequences in each species (i.e., fighting and mortality (black rhino), and reproductive acyclicity (white rhino)). Our results provide evidence that social stressors may cause chronic stress in black and white rhinos, and that this contributes to the captive-population sustainability problems observed in each species. Zoo Biol 0:1–18, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. |
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Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company |
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1098-2361 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6142 |
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Author |
Antonius O, |
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Title |
Beobachtungen an Einhufern in Schönbrunn. VIII. Ponys und Hausesel |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1933 |
Publication |
Zoologische Garten |
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Zool. Garten. |
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6 |
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213-224 |
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from Prof. Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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refbase @ user @ |
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656 |
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Author |
Ödberg Fo, |
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Title |
L'éthologie: Son passé et son development actuel |
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1973 |
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Zoo |
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38 |
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208-213 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1427 |
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