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	Author	Zentall, T.R.; Klein, E.D.; Singer, R.A.
	Title	Evidence for detection of one duration sample and default responding to other duration samples by pigeons may result from an artifact of retention-test ambiguity			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	30	Issue	2	Pages	129-134
	Keywords	Animals; Artifacts; Association Learning; Columbidae; Discrimination Learning; Recognition (Psychology); Retention (Psychology); Time Perception; *Transfer (Psychology)
	Abstract	S. C. Gaitan and J. T. Wixted (2000) proposed that when pigeons are trained on a conditional discrimination to associate 1 duration sample with 1 comparison and 2 other duration samples with a 2nd comparison, they detect only the single duration, and on trials involving either of the 2 other duration samples, they respond to the other comparison by default. In 2 experiments, the authors show instead that pigeons lend to treat the retention intervals (such as those used by Gaitan and Wixted) as intertrial intervals, and thus, they tend to treat all trials with a delay as 0-s sample trials. The authors tested this hypothesis by showing that divergent retention functions do not appear when the retention interval is discriminably different from the intertrial interval.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA. zentall@uky.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15078122			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	232
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	Author	Terrace, H.S.
	Title	Chunking by a pigeon in a serial learning task			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1987	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	325	Issue	7000	Pages	149-151
	Keywords	Animals; Cognition/physiology; Columbidae/physiology; Feedback; Learning/*physiology; Male
	Abstract	A basic principle of human memory is that lists that can be organized into memorable 'chunks' are easier to remember. Memory span is limited to a roughly constant number of chunks and is to a large extent independent of the amount of informaton contained in each chunk. Depending on the ingenuity of the code used to integrate discrete items into chunks, one can substantially increase the number of items that can be recalled correctly. Newly developed paradigms for studying memory in non-verbal organisms allow comparison of the abilities of human and non-human subjects to memorize lists. Here I present two types of evidence that pigeons 'chunk' 5-element lists whose components (colours and achromatic geometric forms) are clustered into distinct groups. Those lists were learned twice as rapidly as a homogeneous list of colours or heterogeneous lists in which the elements are not clustered. The pigeons were also tested for knowledge of the order of two elements drawn from the 5-element lists. They responded in the correct order only to those subsets that contained a chunk boundary. Thus chunking can be studied profitably in animal subjects; the cognitive processes that allow an organism to form chunks do no presuppose linguistic competence.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0028-0836	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3808071			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2792
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	Author	Zentall, T.R.; Jackson-Smith, P.; Jagielo, J.A.; Nallan, G.B.
	Title	Categorical shape and color coding by pigeons			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	12	Issue	2	Pages	153-159
	Keywords	Animals; Color Perception; Columbidae; Discrimination Learning; Form Perception; Generalization, Stimulus; Psychophysics; Transfer (Psychology)
	Abstract	Categorical coding is the tendency to respond similarly to discriminated stimuli. Past research indicates that pigeons can categorize colors according to at least three spectral regions. Two present experiments assessed the categorical coding of shapes and the existence of a higher order color category (all colors). Pigeons were trained on two independent tasks (matching-to-sample, and oddity-from-sample). One task involved red and a plus sign, the other a circle and green. On test trials one of the two comparison stimuli from one task was replaced by one of the stimuli from the other task. Differential performance based on which of the two stimuli from the other task was introduced suggested categorical coding rules. In Experiment 1 evidence for the categorical coding of sample shapes was found. Categorical color coding was also found; however, it was the comparison stimuli rather than the samples that were categorically coded. Experiment 2 replicated the categorical shape sample effect and ruled out the possibility that the particular colors used were responsible for the categorical coding of comparison stimuli. Overall, the results indicate that pigeons can develop categorical rules involving shapes and colors and that the color categories can be hierarchical.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3701264			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	262
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	Author	Urcuioli, P.J.; Zentall, T.R.
	Title	Transfer across delayed discriminations: evidence regarding the nature of prospective working memory			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1992	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	18	Issue	2	Pages	154-173
	Keywords	Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Color Perception; Columbidae; Discrimination Learning; Mental Recall; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Problem Solving; Retention (Psychology); Transfer (Psychology)
	Abstract	Pigeons were trained successively either on 2 delayed simple discriminations or on a delayed simple discrimination followed by delayed matching-to-sample. During subsequent transfer tests, the initial stimuli from the 1st task were substituted for those in the 2nd. Performances transferred immediately if both sets of initial stimuli had been associated with the presence versus absence of food on their respective retention tests, and the direction of transfer (positive or negative) depended on whether the substitution involved stimuli with identical or different outcome associates. No transfer was found, however, when the initial stimuli were associated with different patterns of responding but food occurred at the end of every trial. These results are consistent with outcome expectancy mediation but are incompatible with response intention and retrospective coding accounts.
	Address	Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1364
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:1583445			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	260
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	Author	Zentall, T.R.
	Title	Mental time travel in animals: a challenging question			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Behavioural processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	72	Issue	2	Pages	173-183
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Columbidae; Concept Formation; Conditioning, Operant; Imagination; Memory; Mental Recall; Planning Techniques; Rats; Time Perception; Transfer (Psychology)
	Abstract	Humans have the ability to mentally recreate past events (using episodic memory) and imagine future events (by planning). The best evidence for such mental time travel is personal and thus subjective. For this reason, it is particularly difficult to study such behavior in animals. There is some indirect evidence, however, that animals have both episodic memory and the ability to plan for the future. When unexpectedly asked to do so, animals can report about their recent past experiences (episodic memory) and they also appear to be able to use the anticipation of a future event as the basis for a present action (planning). Thus, the ability to imagine past and future events may not be uniquely human.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA. zentall@uky.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0376-6357	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16466863			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	218
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	Author	Zentall, T.R.; Sherburne, L.M.
	Title	Transfer of value from S+ to S- in a simultaneous discrimination			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	20	Issue	2	Pages	176-183
	Keywords	Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Attention; Color Perception; Columbidae; Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; Motivation; Orientation; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Problem Solving; Reinforcement Schedule; *Transfer (Psychology)
	Abstract	Value transfer theory has been proposed to account for transitive inference effects (L. V. Fersen, C. D. L. Wynne, J. D. Delius, & J. E. R. Staddon, 1991), in which following training on 4 simultaneous discriminations (A+B-, B+C-, C+D-, D+E-) pigeons show a preference for B over D. According to this theory, some of the value of reinforcement acquired by each S+ transfers to the S-. In the transitive inference experiment, C (associated with both reward and nonreward) can transfer less value to D than A (associated only with reward) can transfer to B. Support for value transfer theory was demonstrated in 2 experiments in which an S- presented in the context of a stimulus to which responses were always reinforced (S+) was preferred over an S- presented in the context of a stimulus to which responses were sometimes reinforced (S +/-).
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8189186			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	258
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Petruso, E.J.; Fuchs, T.; Bingman, V.P.
	Title	Time-space learning in homing pigeons (Columba livia): orientation to an artificial light source			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	10	Issue	2	Pages	181-188
	Keywords	Animals; Circadian Rhythm; Columbidae/physiology; Homing Behavior/physiology; Learning/physiology; Light; Orientation/physiology; Space Perception/physiology; Time Perception/physiology
	Abstract	Time-space learning reflects an ability to represent in memory event-stimulus properties together with the place and time of the event; a capacity well developed in birds. Homing pigeons were trained in an indoor octagonal arena to locate one food goal in the morning and a different food goal in the late afternoon. The goals differed with respect to their angular/directional relationship to an artificial light source located outside the arena. Further, the angular difference in reward position approximated the displacement of the sun's azimuth that would occur during the same time period. The experimental birds quickly learned the task, demonstrating the apparent ease with which birds can adopt an artificial light source to discriminate among alternative spatial responses at different times of the day. However, a novel midday probe session following successful learning revealed that the light source was interpreted as a stable landmark and not as a surrogate sun that would support compass orientation. Probe sessions following a phase shift of the light-dark cycle revealed that the mechanism employed to make the temporal discrimination was prevailingly based on an endogenous circadian rhythm and not an interval timing mechanism.
	Address	Department of Psychology and J.P. Scott Center for Neuroscience, Mind and Behavior Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17160343			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2432
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	Author	Aust, U.; Huber, L.
	Title	Picture-object recognition in pigeons: evidence of representational insight in a visual categorization task using a complementary information procedure			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	32	Issue	2	Pages	190-195
	Keywords	Animals; Classification; Cognition; Columbidae; Discrimination Learning; Form Perception; Generalization (Psychology); Humans; Perceptual Closure; Photic Stimulation; Photography; *Recognition (Psychology)
	Abstract	Success in tasks requiring categorization of pictorial stimuli does not prove that a subject understands what the pictures stand for. The ability to achieve representational insight is by no means a trivial one because it exceeds mere detection of 2-D features present in both the pictorial images and their referents. So far, evidence for such an ability in nonhuman species is weak and inconclusive. Here, the authors report evidence of representational insight in pigeons. After being trained on pictures of incomplete human figures, the birds responded significantly more to pictures of the previously missing parts than to nonrepresentative stimuli, which demonstrates that they actually recognized the pictures' representational content.
	Address	Department for Behavior, Neurobiology and Cognition, University of Vienna, Austria. ulrike.aust@univie.ac.at
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16634663			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2759
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	Author	Wasserman, E.A.; Gagliardi, J.L.; Cook, B.R.; Kirkpatrick-Steger, K.; Astley, S.L.; Biederman, I.
	Title	The pigeon's recognition of drawings of depth-rotated stimuli			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	22	Issue	2	Pages	205-221
	Keywords	Animals; Cognition/physiology; Columbidae; Discrimination (Psychology); Form Perception/physiology; Learning/*physiology; Photic Stimulation; Rotation
	Abstract	Four experiments used a four-choice discrimination learning paradigm to explore the pigeon's recognition of line drawings of four objects (an airplane, a chair, a desk lamp, and a flashlight) that were rotated in depth. The pigeons reliably generalized discriminative responding to pictorial stimuli over all untrained depth rotations, despite the bird's having been trained at only a single depth orientation. These generalization gradients closely resembled those found in prior research that used other stimulus dimensions. Increasing the number of different vantage points in the training set from one to three broadened the range of generalized testing performance, with wider spacing of the training orientations more effectively broadening generalized responding. Template and geon theories of visual recognition are applied to these empirical results.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242-1407, USA. ed-wasserman@uiowa.educ
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8618103			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2780
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	Author	Zentall, T.R.
	Title	Timing, memory for intervals, and memory for untimed stimuli: the role of instructional ambiguity			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Behavioural processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	70	Issue	3	Pages	209-222
	Keywords	Animals; Attention; Columbidae; Discrimination Learning; Memory, Short-Term; Practice (Psychology); Reinforcement Schedule; Retention (Psychology); *Time Perception
	Abstract	Theories of animal timing have had to account for findings that the memory for the duration of a timed interval appears to be dramatically shorted within a short time of its termination. This finding has led to the subjective shortening hypothesis and it has been proposed to account for the poor memory that animals appear to have for the initial portion of a timed interval when a gap is inserted in the to-be-timed signal. It has also been proposed to account for the poor memory for a relatively long interval that has been discriminated from a shorter interval. I suggest here a simpler account in which ambiguity between the gap or retention interval and the intertrial interval results in resetting the clock, rather than forgetting the interval. The ambiguity hypothesis, together with a signal salience mechanism that determines how quickly the clock is reset at the start of the intertrial interval can account for the results of the reported timing experiments that have used the peak procedure. Furthermore, instructional ambiguity rather than memory loss may account for the results of many animal memory experiments that do not involve memory for time.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 202B Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA. zentall@uky.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0376-6357	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16095851			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	222
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