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Author |
Verheyen, K.; Price, J.; Lanyon, L.; Wood, J. |
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Title |
Exercise distance and speed affect the risk of fracture in racehorses |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Bone |
Abbreviated Journal |
Bone |
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Volume |
39 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages  |
1322-1330 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Case-Control Studies; Cohort Studies; England; Exertion; Female; Fractures, Bone/etiology/*veterinary; Horse Diseases/*etiology; Horses/*injuries; Male; Physical Conditioning, Animal/adverse effects/methods; Poisson Distribution; Prospective Studies; Regression Analysis; Risk Factors; Running/injuries/physiology |
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Abstract |
In order to gain insight into those training regimens that can minimise the risk of fracture in athletic populations, we conducted a large epidemiological study in racehorses. Thoroughbred racehorses provide a suitable model for studying fracture development and exercise-related risk factors in physically active populations. They represent a homogeneous population, undertaking intensive exercise programmes that are sufficiently heterogeneous to determine those factors that influence injury risk. Daily exercise information was recorded for a cohort of 1178 thoroughbreds that were monitored for up to 2 years. A total of 148 exercise-induced fractures occurred in the study population. Results from a nested case-control study showed a strong interactive effect of exercise distances at different speeds on fracture risk. Horses that exceeded 44 km at canter (< or =14 m/s) and 6 km at gallop (>14 m/s) in a 30-day period were at particularly increased risk of fracture. These distances equate to ca. 7700 bone loading cycles at canter and 880 loading cycles at gallop. Fifty-six fractures occurred in the subset of study horses that were followed since entering training as yearlings, when skeletally immature (n = 335). Cohort analysis of this data set showed that, in previously untrained bones, accumulation of canter exercise increased the risk of fracture (P < or = 0.01), whereas accumulation of high-speed gallop exercise had a protective effect (P < 0.01). However, increasing distances at canter and gallop in short time periods (up to one month) were associated with an increasing fracture risk. All training exercise involves a balance between the risk of fracture inherent in exposure to loading and the beneficial effect that loading has by stimulating bone cells to produce a more robust architecture. Results from our study provide important epidemiological evidence of the effects of physical exercise on bone adaptation and injury risk and can be used to inform the design of safer exercise regimens in physically active populations. |
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Epidemiology Unit, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, United Kingdom. kverheyen@rvc.ac.uk |
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8756-3282 |
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PMID:16926125 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4030 |
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Author |
Venter, G.J.; Koekemoer, J.J.O.; Paweska, J.T. |
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Title |
Investigations on outbreaks of African horse sickness in the surveillance zone in South Africa |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Rev Sci Tech |
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Volume |
25 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
1097-1109 |
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Keywords |
African Horse Sickness/*epidemiology; African horse sickness virus/genetics/*isolation & purification; Animals; Ceratopogonidae/*virology; Disease Outbreaks/*veterinary; Horses; Insect Vectors/*virology; Prevalence; Sentinel Surveillance/veterinary; South Africa/epidemiology |
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Abstract |
Confirmed outbreaks of African horse sickness (AHS) occurred in the surveillance zone of the Western Cape in 1999 and 2004, both of which led to a two-year suspension on the export of horses. Light trap surveys in the outbreak areas showed that known vector competent Culicoides species, notably C. imicola, were abundant and present in numbers equal to those in the traditional AHS endemic areas. Isolations of AHS virus serotypes 1 and 7, equine encephalosis virus, and bluetongue virus from field-collected C. imicola in the surveillance zone demonstrated that this species was highly competent and could transmit viruses belonging to different serogroups of the Orbivirus genus. Molecular identification of recovered virus isolates indicated that at least two incursions of AHS into the surveillance zone had taken place in 2004. The designation of an AHS-free zone in the Western Cape remains controversial since it can be easily compromised, as evidenced by the two recent outbreaks. In light of the results reported in the present study, the policy of maintaining a large population of unvaccinated horses in the surveillance zone should be reconsidered, as it leaves them vulnerable to infection with AHS virus, which is the most pathogenic of all equine viruses. |
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Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa |
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0253-1933 |
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Notes |
PMID:17361773 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2355 |
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Author |
Dart, A.J.; Snyder, J.R.; Pascoe, J.R.; Meagher, D.M.; Wilson, W.D. |
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Title |
Prepurchase evaluation of horses: 134 cases (1988-1990) |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Am Vet Med Assoc |
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Volume |
201 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
1061-1067 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Follow-Up Studies; Horse Diseases/*diagnosis/radiography; Horses; Interviews; Lameness, Animal/*diagnosis/radiography; Physical Examination/*veterinary; Retrospective Studies; Telephone |
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Abstract |
To quantify some components of prepurchase evaluations in horses, records from 134 evaluations performed during a 2-year period were reviewed and the outcome was determined via telephone follow-up interview. Sixty-two percent of the prepurchase evaluations had been performed at the clinic and 38% had been performed in the field by the ambulatory service. All evaluations included physical and lameness examinations, whereas radiography (49%), endoscopy (15%), nerve blocking (5%), transrectal palpation (3%), hematologic analysis (2%), electrocardiography (2%), drug testing for analgesic agents (2%), and ultrasonography of the flexor tendons (1%) were not always performed. Fifty-nine percent of horses evaluated at the clinic were radiographed, compared with 33% of horses evaluated in the field (P less than 0.05). Thirty-seven percent of horses evaluated were judged serviceable for their intended use. Thirty-five percent of horses evaluated at the clinic were assessed to be serviceable, compared with 41% of those evaluated in the field (P less than 0.05). Horses used for pleasure riding (48%) tended to be considered serviceable more often than horses used for more athletic endeavors (3-day eventing, 33%; hunter/jumper, 24%; show, 31%; dressage, 30%). The most common basis for finding a horse unserviceable was lameness (88%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |
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Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis 95616 |
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0003-1488 |
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Notes |
PMID:1429136 |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3753 |
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Author |
Hinrichs, K.; Watson, E.D.; Kenney, R.M. |
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Title |
Granulosa cell tumor in a mare with a functional contralateral ovary |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Am Vet Med Assoc |
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Volume |
197 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
1037-1038 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Corpus Luteum/*physiopathology; Female; Granulosa Cell Tumor/pathology/physiopathology/*veterinary; Horse Diseases/*pathology/physiopathology; Horses; Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology/*veterinary; Ovary/*pathology/physiopathology |
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Abstract |
A functional corpus luteum was found in the ovary contralateral to the ovary with a granulosa cell tumor in a 24-year-old Standardbred mare. The mare was ovariectomized because she was to be used as a jump mare for collection of semen from stallions. The blood concentration of progesterone was 2.2 ng/ml, and the luteal tissue progesterone concentration was 6.3 micrograms/mg. Atrophy of the contralateral ovary is one of the major signs used in diagnosis of granulosa cell tumor; however, our findings indicate that the ovary contralateral to a granulosa cell tumor is not invariably nonfunctional. |
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Address |
Department of Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536 |
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English |
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0003-1488 |
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Notes |
PMID:2243036 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3802 |
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Author |
Keiper, R.; Houpt, K. |
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Title |
Reproduction in feral horses: an eight-year study |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1984 |
Publication |
American journal of veterinary research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Vet Res |
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Volume |
45 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
991-995 |
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Keywords |
Abortion, Veterinary/epidemiology; Anestrus; Animal Population Groups/*physiology; Animals; Animals, Wild/*physiology; Birth Rate; Female; Fertility; Horse Diseases/epidemiology; Horses/*physiology; Lactation; Male; Maryland; Pregnancy; *Reproduction; Seasons; Sex Ratio; Virginia |
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Abstract |
The reproductive rate and foal survival of the free-ranging ponies on Assateague Island National Seashore were studied for 8 years, 1975 to 1982. Most (52%) of the 86 foals were born in May, 13% were born in April, 22.6% in June, 10.4% in July, and less than 1% in August and September. The mean foaling rate was 57.1 +/- 3.9% and the survival rate was 88.3 +/- 3.6%. Forty-eight colts and 55 fillies were born (sex ratio 53% female). Mares less than 3 years old did not foal and the foaling rate of 3-year-old mares was only 23%, that of 4-year-old mares was 46%, that of 5-year-old mares was 53%, and 6-year-old mares was 69%. The relatively poor reproduction rate was believed to be a consequence of the stress of lactating while carrying a foal when forage quality on the island was low. The hypothesis was supported by the higher reproductive rate (74.4 +/- 2.4%) of the ponies in the Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge on the southern part of the island. Their foals are weaned and sold in July each year. Despite the low reproductive rate on Assateague Island National Seashore , the number of ponies increased from 43 to 80, a 90% increase in the 8-year period or greater than 10%/yr. There were 24 deaths and 8 dispersals from the study area. |
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ISSN |
0002-9645 |
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Notes |
PMID:6732036 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
665 |
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Author |
Malek, E.A. |
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Title |
The life cycle of Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus (Cobbold, 1876) Looss, 1896 (Trematoda: Paramphistomatidae: Gastrodiscinae) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1971 |
Publication |
The Journal of Parasitology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Parasitol |
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Volume |
57 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
975-979 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Bulinus; *Disease Vectors; Ecology; Feces; Female; Horse Diseases/*etiology; Horses; Metamorphosis, Biological; Ovum; Parasite Egg Count; Perissodactyla; Sudan; Trematoda/anatomy & histology/growth & development; Trematode Infections/etiology/*veterinary |
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0022-3395 |
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Notes |
PMID:5167379 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2726 |
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Author |
Sabattini, M.S.; Monath, T.P.; Mitchell, C.J.; Daffner, J.F.; Bowen, G.S.; Pauli, R.; Contigiani, M.S. |
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Title |
Arbovirus investigations in Argentina, 1977-1980. I. Historical aspects and description of study sites |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1985 |
Publication |
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Trop Med Hyg |
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Volume |
34 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
937-944 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Arbovirus Infections/*epidemiology/microbiology; Arboviruses; Argentina; Birds; Cattle; Child; Climate; Ecology; Encephalitis Virus, St. Louis; Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine; Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine; Encephalitis, St. Louis/epidemiology/microbiology; Encephalomyelitis, Equine/epidemiology/microbiology/veterinary; Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/epidemiology/microbiology/veterinary; Geography; Horse Diseases/epidemiology/microbiology; Horses/microbiology; Humans |
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Abstract |
This is the introductory paper to a series on the ecology of arboviruses in Argentina. Epizootics of equine encephalitis have occurred since at least 1908, principally in the Pampa and Espinal biogeographic zones, with significant economic losses; human cases of encephalitis have been rare or absent. Both western equine and eastern equine encephalitis viruses have been isolated from horses during these epizootics, but the mosquitoes responsible for transmission have not been identified. A number of isolations of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus were reported between 1936 and 1958 in Argentina, but the validity of these findings has been seriously questioned. Nevertheless, serological evidence exists for human infections with a member of the VEE virus complex. Serological surveys conducted in the 1960s indicate a high prevalence of infection of humans and domestic animals with St. Louis encephalitis (SLE), and 2 SLE virus strains have been isolated from rodents. Human disease, however, has rarely been associated with SLE infection. Only 7 isolations of other arboviruses have been described (3 of Maguari, 1 of Aura, 2 of Una, and 1 of an untyped Bunyamwera group virus). In 1977, we began longitudinal field studies in Santa Fe Province, the epicenter of previous equine epizootics, and in 1980 we extended these studies to Chaco and Corrientes provinces. The study sites are described in this paper. |
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English |
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0002-9637 |
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Notes |
PMID:4037184 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2685 |
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Author |
Koolhaas, J.M.; Korte, S.M.; De Boer, S.F.; Van Der Vegt, B.J.; Van Reenen, C.G.; Hopster, H.; De Jong, I.C.; Ruis, M.A.W.; Blokhuis, H.J. |
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Title |
Coping styles in animals: current status in behavior and stress-physiology |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
23 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
925-935 |
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Keywords |
Coping; Aggression; Stress; Disease; Corticosterone |
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Abstract |
This paper summarizes the current views on coping styles as a useful concept in understanding individual adaptive capacity and vulnerability to stress-related disease. Studies in feral populations indicate the existence of a proactive and a reactive coping style. These coping styles seem to play a role in the population ecology of the species. Despite domestication, genetic selection and inbreeding, the same coping styles can, to some extent, also be observed in laboratory and farm animals. Coping styles are characterized by consistent behavioral and neuroendocrine characteristics, some of which seem to be causally linked to each other. Evidence is accumulating that the two coping styles might explain a differential vulnerability to stress mediated disease due to the differential adaptive value of the two coping styles and the accompanying neuroendocrine differentiation. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4416 |
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Author |
Pennisi, E. |
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Title |
Schizophrenia clues from monkeys |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
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Volume |
277 |
Issue |
5328 |
Pages |
900 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Antipsychotic Agents/pharmacology; Behavior, Animal/drug effects; *Cercopithecus aethiops; Clozapine/pharmacology; Cognition/drug effects; *Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine/*metabolism; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology; Memory/drug effects; Phencyclidine/*pharmacology; Prefrontal Cortex/*metabolism; Schizophrenia/chemically induced/drug therapy/*metabolism; Schizophrenic Psychology |
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English |
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0036-8075 |
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Notes |
PMID:9281070 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2844 |
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Author |
Milinovich, G.J.; Trott, D.J.; Burrell, P.C.; van Eps, A.W.; Thoefner, M.B.; Blackall, L.L.; Al Jassim, R.A.M.; Morton, J.M.; Pollitt, C.C. |
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Title |
Changes in equine hindgut bacterial populations during oligofructose-induced laminitis |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Environmental Microbiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Environ Microbiol |
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Volume |
8 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
885-898 |
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Keywords |
Animal Feed; Animals; Bacteria/classification/*isolation & purification; DNA, Bacterial/analysis; Disease Models, Animal; Feces/microbiology; Foot Diseases/etiology/microbiology/*veterinary; Horse Diseases/*etiology/metabolism/microbiology; Horses; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; Intestines/*microbiology; Oligosaccharides/*administration & dosage/*metabolism; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Bacterial/analysis; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/analysis |
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Abstract |
In the horse, carbohydrate overload is thought to play an integral role in the onset of laminitis by drastically altering the profile of bacterial populations in the hindgut. The objectives of this study were to develop and validate microbial ecology methods to monitor changes in bacterial populations throughout the course of experimentally induced laminitis and to identify the predominant oligofructose-utilizing organisms. Laminitis was induced in five horses by administration of oligofructose. Faecal specimens were collected at 8 h intervals from 72 h before to 72 h after the administration of oligofructose. Hindgut microbiota able to utilize oligofructose were enumerated throughout the course of the experiment using habitat-simulating medium. Isolates were collected and representatives identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The majority of these isolates collected belonged to the genus Streptococcus, 91% of which were identified as being most closely related to Streptococcus infantarius ssp. coli. Furthermore, S. infantarius ssp. coli was the predominant oligofructose-utilizing organism isolated before the onset of lameness. Fluorescence in situ hybridization probes developed to specifically target the isolated Streptococcus spp. demonstrated marked population increases between 8 and 16 h post oligofructose administration. This was followed by a rapid population decline which corresponded with a sharp decline in faecal pH and subsequently lameness at 24-32 h post oligofructose administration. This research suggests that streptococci within the Streptococcus bovis/equinus complex may be involved in the series of events which precede the onset of laminitis in the horse. |
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Address |
Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia. g.milinovich@uq.edu.au |
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English |
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ISSN |
1462-2912 |
ISBN |
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Notes |
PMID:16623745 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2625 |
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