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Author |
Stachurska, A.; Janczarek, I.; Wilk, I.; Kedzierski, W. |
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Title |
Does Music Influence Emotional State in Race Horses? |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
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Volume |
35 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages  |
650-656 |
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Keywords |
Cardiac activity; Emotional state; Music; Race horse |
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The aim of the study was to determine the effect of music featured in the barn, on the emotional state of race horses. Seventy 3-year-old Purebred Arabian horses in their first race season were divided into experimental group (EXP) of 40 horses and control group (CNT) of 30 horses and placed in separate barns. The EXP was subject to specifically composed music featured in the barn for 5 hours in the afternoon during the whole study. The emotional state in the horses was assessed at rest, saddling, and warm-up walk under rider. Measurements were taken six times, every 30 to 35 days, starting from the beginning of featuring the music. The horse's emotional state was assessed by cardiac activity variables. The music effect on the emotional state was also considered with regard to the horse's performance estimated by race records. The cardiac activity variables were compared with repeated measures design, whereas race records were analyzed with analysis of variance generalized linear model. The music positively affected the emotional state in race horses. The influence was noticeable already after the first month of featuring the music and increased in the second and third months. Despite the fact that later the variables began to return to initial levels, a positive effect of the music on prizes won by the horses in the EXP compared to the CNT was found (P < .05). The results suggest that the music may be featured in the barn, preferably for 2 to 3 months as a means of improving the welfare of race horses. |
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0737-0806 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6632 |
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Author |
Slingerland, L.I.; Robben, J.H.; Schaafsma, I.; Kooistra, H.S. |
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Title |
Response of cats to familiar and unfamiliar human contact using continuous direct arterial blood pressure measurement |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Research in Veterinary Science |
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Volume |
85 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
575-582 |
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Behaviour; Activity; Technique; White-coat effect; Diurnal rhythm; Invasive |
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Continuous direct measurement of feline arterial blood pressure (ABP) was carried out via a modified method with percutaneous, ultrasound guided catheterization of the common carotid artery. In 21 healthy, conscious cats the ABP was measured during rest, alertness and activity. Furthermore, the ABP response to being petted by familiar and unfamiliar persons was assessed. Linear mixed modelling revealed that the mean blood pressure (MBP) in resting cats (114.6 mmHg) was lower (P < 0.001) than in alert cats (122.7 mmHg), which was lower (P < 0.001) than that of active cats (136.8 mmHg). The MBP during petting by a familiar person (144.7 mmHg) tended to be higher (P = 0.065) than that during petting by an unfamiliar person (139.4 mmHg). The MBP of active cats was lower (P = 0.003) than MBP of cats petted by a familiar person, but not different from MBP of cats petted by an unfamiliar person. The MBP returned to resting values between 16 and 20 min after the familiar person had left, whereas resting values were reached between 11 and 15 min after the unfamiliar person had left. The complications of the described method were limited considering the potential risks of continuous direct ABP measurement. In conclusion, the described technique enables accurate measurement of feline ABP, which is influenced by the cat's activity level and the familiarity of persons. |
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0034-5288 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4982 |
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Author |
Lansade, L.; Bouissou, M.-F. |
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Title |
Reactivity to humans: A temperament trait of horses which is stable across time and situations |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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Volume |
114 |
Issue |
3-4 |
Pages |
492-508 |
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Keywords |
Horse; Equus caballus; Reactivity to humans; Temperament trait; Personality; Behavioural consistency |
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The aim of this study was to test the existence of a “reactivity-to-humans” trait which is stable over time and across situations. For this purpose, four test situations were repeated on the same animals at 8 months, 1.5 years (N = 110 horses) and 2.5 years of age (N = 54 horses). These situations involved a “familiar passive human test” during which a familiar person stayed motionless in the test pen, a “familiar active human test” and an “unfamiliar active human test” during which a familiar or unfamiliar person attempted to touch the horse, and a “halter-fitting and heart-rate measurement test”, during which the horse was haltered and equipped with a surcingle and then had its heart-rate measured. Many behavioural variables were recorded during the tests, and correlations between ages and variables measured during other situations were investigated. When correlations were found, we concluded that the variables corresponded to temperament traits which are stable over time and across situations. The horses tested were divided into four groups according to breed (Anglo-Arab and Welsh) and year of birth (2001 and 2002). Data for each group were analysed separately with Spearman rank correlations. Regarding stability over time, there was a strong correlation between ages in the frequency of licking/nibbling the passive human, the time taken by a familiar or unfamiliar person to touch the horse, and the time taken to fit a halter (e.g. the time taken to touch the horse's muzzle was significantly correlated between ages in 7 out of the 8 possible cases: 0.40 <= R <= 0.67). Regarding stability across situations, results indicate that the more frequently a horse sniffed, licked or nibbled a passive human, the easier it was for either a familiar or unfamiliar active human to touch and halter it. Moreover, a horse which could be touched easily by a familiar human could also be touched and haltered easily by an unfamiliar human. These behaviours, which are linked directly to humans, therefore indicate good stability over time and across situations. In conclusion, this stability suggests the existence of a “reactivity-to-humans” temperament trait, whether the human is passive or active, familiar or unfamiliar. When the animals do not have frequent contact with humans, this reactivity is stable over time and can be measured as early as 8 months of age using the behavioural variables cited above. |
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0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4710 |
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Author |
König von Borstel, U.; Euent, S.; Graf, P.; König, S.; Gauly, M. |
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Title |
Equine behaviour and heart rate in temperament tests with or without rider or handler |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Physiology & Behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
Physiol. Behav. |
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Volume |
104 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
454-463 |
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Keywords |
Equine; Temperament; Human–animal interaction; Horseback riding; Heart rate variability; Reactivity |
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The aim of the present study was to compare horses' heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (RMSSD, pNN50) and behaviour in the same temperament test when being ridden, led, and released free. Behavioural measurements included scores and linear measurements for reactivity (R), activity (A), time to calm down (T) and emotionality (E), recorded during the approach (1) and/or during confrontation with the stimulus (2). Sixty-five horses were each confronted 3 times (1 ridden, 1 led, 1 free running in balanced order) with 3 novel and/or sudden stimuli. Mixed model analysis indicated that leading resulted in the lowest (P < 0.05 throughout) reactions as measured by A1, A2, E1, E2, R2, and pNN50 while riding produced the strongest (A1, T2, HR, RMSSD, pNN50) or medium (E1, E2, R2) reactions. Free running resulted either in the strongest (A2, E1, E2, R2) or in the lowest (A1, T2, HR, RMSSD, pNN50) reactions. The repeatability across tests for HR (0.57), but not for RMSSD (0.23) or pNN50 (0.25) was higher than for any behavioural measurement: the latter ranged from values below 0.10 (A1, A2, T2) to values between 0.30 and 0.45 (E1, E2, R2). Overall, the results show that a rider or handler influences, but not completely masks, the horses' intrinsic behaviour in a temperament test, and this influence appeared to be stronger on behavioural variables and heart rate variability than on the horses' heart rates. Taking both practical considerations and repeatabilities into account, reactivity appears to be the most valuable parameter. Emotionality and heart rate can also yield valid results reflecting additional dimensions of temperament although their practical relevance may be less obvious. If a combination of observed variables is chosen with care, a valid assessment of a horse's temperament may be possible in all types of tests. However, in practice, tests that resemble the practical circumstances most closely, i.e. testing riding horses under a rider, should be chosen. |
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0031-9384 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5641 |
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Author |
Zentall, S.S.; Zentall, T.R. |
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Title |
Optimal stimulation: a model of disordered activity and performance in normal and deviant children |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1983 |
Publication |
Psychological bulletin |
Abbreviated Journal |
Psychol Bull |
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Volume |
94 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
446-471 |
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Keywords |
*Arousal; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/*psychology; Autistic Disorder/*psychology; Behavior Therapy; Child; Humans |
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0033-2909 |
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PMID:6657825 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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264 |
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Author |
Rands, S.A.; Cowlishaw, G.; Pettifor, R.A.; Rowcliffe, J.M.; Johnstone, R.A. |
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Title |
Spontaneous emergence of leaders and followers in foraging pairs |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
423 |
Issue |
6938 |
Pages |
432-434 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Energy Metabolism; Food; *Food Chain; *Models, Biological; Motor Activity; *Social Behavior; Time Factors |
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Abstract |
Animals that forage socially often stand to gain from coordination of their behaviour. Yet it is not known how group members reach a consensus on the timing of foraging bouts. Here we demonstrate a simple process by which this may occur. We develop a state-dependent, dynamic game model of foraging by a pair of animals, in which each individual chooses between resting or foraging during a series of consecutive periods, so as to maximize its own individual chances of survival. We find that, if there is an advantage to foraging together, the equilibrium behaviour of both individuals becomes highly synchronized. As a result of this synchronization, differences in the energetic reserves of the two players spontaneously develop, leading them to adopt different behavioural roles. The individual with lower reserves emerges as the 'pace-maker' who determines when the pair should forage, providing a straightforward resolution to the problem of group coordination. Moreover, the strategy that gives rise to this behaviour can be implemented by a simple 'rule of thumb' that requires no detailed knowledge of the state of other individuals. |
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Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. s.rands@zoo.cam.ac.uk |
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0028-0836 |
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PMID:12761547 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5138 |
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Author |
Scheibe, K.M.; Gromann, C. |
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Application testing of a new three-dimensional acceleration measuring system with wireless data transfer (WAS) for behavior analysis |
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2006 |
Publication |
Behavior research methods |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav Res Methods |
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38 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
427-433 |
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Keywords |
Acceleration; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cattle; Cattle Diseases/*diagnosis; Computer Communication Networks/*instrumentation; Forelimb/physiopathology; Fractals; Hindlimb/physiopathology; Horse Diseases/*diagnosis; Horses; Imaging, Three-Dimensional/instrumentation/methods/veterinary; Lameness, Animal/*diagnosis; Monitoring, Ambulatory/instrumentation/*methods; Motor Activity; Movement; Pattern Recognition, Automated/methods |
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A wireless acceleration measurement system was applied to free-moving cows and horses. Sensors were available as a collar and a flat box for measuring leg or trunk movements. Results were transmitted simultaneously by radio or stored in an 8-MB internal memory. As analytical procedures, frequency distributions with standard deviations, spectral analyses, and fractal analyses were applied. Bymeans of the collar sensor, basic behavior patterns (standing, grazing, walking, ruminating, drinking, and hay uptake) could be identified in cows. Lameness could be detected in cows and horses by means of the leg sensor. The portion of basic and harmonic spectral components was reduced; the fractal dimension was reduced. The system can be used for the detection and analysis of even small movements of free-moving humans or animals over several hours. It is convenient for the analysis of basic behaviors, emotional reactions, or events causing flight or fright or for comparing different housing elements, such as floors or fences. |
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Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany. kscheibe@izw-berlin.de |
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1554-351X |
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PMID:17186752 |
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no |
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Serial |
1775 |
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Zentall, S.S.; Zentall, T.R. |
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Title |
Hyperactivity ratings: statistical regression provides an insufficient explanation of practice effects |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1986 |
Publication |
Journal of pediatric psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Pediatr Psychol |
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Volume |
11 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
393-396 |
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Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/*diagnosis; Child; Humans; Male; *Practice (Psychology); *Statistics |
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0146-8693 |
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PMID:3772683 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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261 |
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Schultheiss, O.C.; Riebel, K.; Jones, N.M. |
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Title |
Activity inhibition: A predictor of lateralized brain function during stress? |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Neuropsychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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23 |
Issue |
3 |
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392-404 |
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activity inhibition; laterality; stress; content analysis; self-regulation; mood states; affective stimuli; perceptual laterality; motor laterality |
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The authors tested the hypothesis that activity inhibition (AI), a measure of the frequency of the word “not” in written material, marks a propensity to engage functions of the right hemisphere (RH) and disengage functions of the left hemisphere (LH), particularly during stress. Study 1 and Study 2 showed that high AI predicts faster detection of stimuli presented to the RH, relative to the LH. Study 2 provided evidence that the AI-laterality effect is specific to perceptual, but not motor, laterality and that it is particularly strong in individuals with low mood, but absent in individuals in a positive mood state. Study 3 showed that negative affective stimuli prime the AI-laterality effect more strongly than positive affective stimuli. Findings from Study 4 suggest that situationally induced frustration (losing a contest), in conjunction with high AI, leads to increased attentional laterality. The present findings substantially bolster the construct validity of AI and contribute to a better understanding of earlier findings linking AI to physiological stress responses, immune system functioning, alcohol abuse, and nonverbal behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Schultheiss, Oliver C.: Institute of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Kochstrasse 4, Erlangen, Germany, 91054, oliver.schultheiss@psy.phil.uni-erlangen.de |
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US: American Psychological Association |
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1931-1559 (Electronic); 0894-4105 (Print) |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ 2009-05986-011 |
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5382 |
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Author |
Piccione, G.; Caola, G.; Refinetti, R. |
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Title |
Temporal relationships of 21 physiological variables in horse and sheep |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol |
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Volume |
142 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
389-396 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Blood Glucose/physiology; Body Temperature/*physiology; Circadian Rhythm/*physiology; Female; Horses/*physiology; Melatonin/blood/*physiology; Motor Activity/*physiology; Rectum/physiology; Sheep/*physiology; Time Factors |
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Daily or circadian oscillation has been documented in a variety of physiological and behavioral processes. Although individual variables have been studied in great detail, very few studies have been conducted on the temporal relationships between the rhythms of different variables. It is not known whether the circadian pacemaker generates each and every rhythm individually or whether most rhythms are simply derived from a few clock-controlled rhythms. As a first step in elucidating this issue, 21 physiological variables were recorded simultaneously in horse and sheep. The results indicated that, in both species, different variables exhibit different degrees of daily rhythmicity and reach their daily peaks at different times of the day. The variables exhibiting strongest rhythmicity were locomotor activity, rectal temperature, and plasma concentrations of melatonin and glucose. Comparison of rhythmicity and acrophase in the various rhythms allowed inferences to be made about mechanisms of causation. |
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Dipartimento di Morfologia, Biochimica, Fisiologia e Produzioni Animali, Facolta di Medicina Veterinaria, Universita degli Studi di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy |
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1095-6433 |
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PMID:16290083 |
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1884 |
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