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Author |
Byrne, R.W. |
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Title |
Do larger brains mean greater intelligence? |
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Year |
1993 |
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Behavioral and Brain Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Brain Sci. |
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16 |
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4 |
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696-697 |
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Cambridge University Press |
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1469-1825 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6171 |
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Author |
Todd, I.A.; Kacelnik, A. |
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Title |
Psychological mechanisms and the Marginal Value Theorem: dynamics of scalar memory for travel time |
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Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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46 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
765-775 |
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Abstract. The relation between memory for travel time and foraging decisions was studied experimentally. The temporal properties of two environments with patchily distributed food were simulated in the laboratory using pigeons, Columba livia, as subjects. The two environments differed in mean travel time, while the coefficient of variation of travel time and the decelerated function relating cumulative food gain to time in the patch were held constant within and between environments. Each environment contained a uniform mixture of five travel times experienced in a random order. Two of the five travel times were common in both environments. Effects of travel time were studied by comparing prey collected per patch visit (PPV) after various travel times within each environment, and by comparing patch exploitation after equal travel times between environments. Within the environment with long mean travel time (LMT) PPV was positively correlated with the last and the penultimate travel times but not with travel times before that. The increase in PPV per second of last travel time was six times greater than the increase per second of penultimate travel time, implying very steep memory discounting. In the environment with short mean travel time (SMT), there was no correlation between PPV and previous travel times. However, comparisons between environments of visits following travel times common to both environments (thus removing the effect of the last travel time) showed that substantially more prey were taken after equal travel times in the LMT than in the SMT environment. This difference cannot be accounted for by the within-environment effect of penultimate travel time, implying that there is a different, less steeply devalued, effect of the mixture of travel times. A model of information processing based on combining Scalar Expectancy Theory with the predictions of rate maximization under the Marginal Value Theorem is presented. The model can approximate the results obtained in this and previous experiments and provides a framework for further analysis of memory mechanisms of foraging behaviour. |
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2111 |
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Author |
Barton, R.A.; Whiten, A. |
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Title |
Feeding competition among female olive baboons, Papio anubis |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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46 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
777-789 |
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Abstract. Competition for food is thought to play a key role in the social organization of group-living female primates, leading to the prediction that individual foraging success will be partly regulated by dominance relationships. Among adult females in a group of free-ranging olive baboons, dominance rank was significantly correlated with nutrient acquisition rates (feeding rates and daily intakes), but not with dietary diversity or quality, nor with activity budgets. The mean daily food intake of the three highest-ranking females was 30% greater than that of the three lowest-ranking females, providing an explanation for relationships between female rank and fertility found in a number of other studies of group-living primates. The intensity of feeding competition, as measured by supplant rates and spatial clustering of individuals, increased during the dry season, a period of low food availability, seemingly because foods eaten then were more clumped in distribution than those eaten in the wet season. Implications for models of female social structure and maximum group size are discussed. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4258 |
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Author |
Barton, R.A. |
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Title |
Sociospatial mechanisms of feeding competition in female olive baboons, Papio anubis |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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46 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
791-802 |
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Abstract. Social and spatial mechanisms of feeding competition among adult female olive baboons were studied in two free-ranging groups, one foraging for natural foods, and one that was being provisioned. Similar behavioural processes were found to underlie rank-related differences in food intake in the two situations. Dominance rank of females in the naturally foraging group was positively correlated with the rate at which other animals were supplanted from feeding sites, the ratio of supplants of others to supplants received, and the number of near neighbours while feeding on clumped foods. It is unlikely that the latter result was due to rank-related differences in matriline size, because no significant correlations between rank and neighbour density were found for non-feeding activities. Step-wise regression analysis indicated that both number of neighbours and the supplant ratio explained significant proportions of inter-individual variance in daily food intake, though only the supplant ratio contributed significantly to feeding rate. High-ranking females also had priority of access to feeding sites within trees, and competition was most intense for foods that were spatially clumped. Similarly, in the provisioned group, rank was correlated with the rate at which supplants were received, and with spatial indices estimating centrality and the area of unoccupied space around an individual. Over 99% of the inter-individual variance in feeding rate was explained in a step-wise regression with supplant rates and spatial indices as independent variables. It is concluded that both active supplanting and individuals' spatial positions within the group mediate rank-related differences in food intake. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4259 |
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Author |
Mulder, R.A.; Langmore, N.E. |
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Title |
Dominant males punish helpers for temporary defection in superb fairy-wrens |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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Volume |
45 |
Issue |
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Pages |
830-833 |
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10.1006/anbe.1993.1100 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4922 |
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Author |
de Waal, F.B.; Johanowicz, D.L. |
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Title |
Modification of reconciliation behavior through social experience: an experiment with two macaque species |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Child development |
Abbreviated Journal |
Child Dev |
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64 |
Issue |
3 |
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897-908 |
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Aggression; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Female; Grooming; *Macaca; *Macaca mulatta; Male; Play and Playthings; *Socialization; Vocalization, Animal |
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Reconciliation, defined as a friendly reunion between former opponents shortly after an aggressive encounter, is common in the stumptail macaque (Macaca arctoides) but rare in the rhesus macaque (M. mulatta). Juveniles of the two species were cohoused for 5 months, after which they were observed with conspecifics only. Control rhesus monkeys, matched in age and sex to the experimental subjects, went through the same procedure without exposure to the other species. A threefold increase in the proportion of reconciled fights was measured in the rhesus subjects. The difference emerged gradually during cohousing with the tutor species and was sustained following removal of this species. Other behavior, such as grooming and aggression, decreased over time. It is suggested that the social attitude of the subjects was affected through contact with a species characterized by a more relaxed dominance style. |
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Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison |
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English |
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0009-3920 |
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PMID:8339702 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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209 |
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Rutberg, A.T.; Keiper, R.R. |
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Title |
Proximate causes of natal dispersal in feral ponies: some sex differences |
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Journal Article |
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1993 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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46 |
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5 |
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969-975 |
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Abstract. Fifteen years of data on natal dispersal age and the context of dispersal for the feral ponies of Assateague Island, Maryland are presented. Ninety-seven per cent of males and 81% of females dispersed from their natal groups by 5 years of age. For animals that left their natal group, average age of dispersal was 20[middle dot]8 months for males and 24[middle dot]6 months for females. Male dispersal age was strongly and significantly correlated with number of peers in the natal group, and males dispersing with peers were significantly older than males dispersing without peers, suggesting that males delayed dispersal when peers were available for interaction. Female dispersal age was not influenced by number of peers, but was correlated with age of first reproduction. Factors not influencing dispersal age in either sex were presence of a younger sibling, maternal band transfers, and maternal age and dominance rank. The relatively high frequency of females failing to disperse from their natal groups is puzzling in light of data showing diminished fecundity in non-dispersing pony mares. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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518 |
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Author |
Heyes, C.M. |
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Title |
Imitation, culture and cognition |
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1993 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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46 |
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5 |
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999-1010 |
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Abstract. This paper examines the significance of imitation in non-human animals with respect to the phylogenetic origins of culture and cognitive complexity. It is argued that both imitation (learning about behaviour through nonspecific observation) and social learning (learning about the environment through conspecific observation) can mediate social transmission of information, and that neither is likely to play an important role in supporting behavioural traditions or culture. Current evidence suggests that imitation is unlikely to do this because it does not insulate information from modification through individual learning in the retention period between acquisition and re-transmission. Although insignificant in relation to culture, imitation apparently involves complex and little-understood cognitive operations. It is unique in requiring animals spontaneously to equate extrinsic visual input with proprioceptive and/or kinaesthetic feedback from their own actions, but not in requiring or implicating self-consciousness, representation, metarepresentation or a capacity for goal-directed action. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2920 |
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Author |
McGlone, J.J.; Hicks, T.A. |
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Teaching standard agricultural practices that are known to be painful |
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1993 |
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Journal of Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim Sci. |
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71 |
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4 |
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1071-1074 |
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N1 - |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2933 |
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Author |
Feh, C.; de Mazières, J. |
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Title |
Grooming at a preferred site reduces heart rate in horses |
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1993 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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46 |
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6 |
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1191-1194 |
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Abstract. It is commonly suggested that the principal function of allogrooming is to reduce social tension between group members, but direct evidence of the physiological consequences of grooming at particular sites is lacking. By filming allogrooming sequences in a herd of Camargue horses, Equus caballus , their preferred grooming site, which lies on the lower neck, was identified. Experimental imitation of grooming at this site reduced the heart rate of the recipient while grooming on a non-preferred area did not, in both adults and foals. This preferred site lies close to a major ganglion of the autonomic nervous system. |
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