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Williams, D.O.; Boatwright, R.B.; Rugh, K.S.; Garner, H.E.; Griggs, D.M.J. |
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Title |
Myocardial blood flow, metabolism, and function with repeated brief coronary occlusions in conscious ponies |
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Year |
1991 |
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The American journal of physiology |
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Am J Physiol |
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260 |
Issue |
1 Pt 2 |
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H100-9 |
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Animals; Consciousness/*physiology; Coronary Circulation/*physiology; Coronary Disease/pathology/*physiopathology; Disease Models, Animal; Hemodynamic Processes/physiology; Horses/*physiology; Hydrogen/metabolism; Lactates/metabolism; Myocardium/*metabolism/pathology; Norepinephrine/metabolism; Potassium/metabolism; Regional Blood Flow |
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Studies were performed in the conscious pony instrumented with a Doppler flow probe and hydraulic occluder on the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), sonomicrometry crystals and intraventricular micromanometer in the left ventricle, and catheters in the left atrium and anterior interventricular vein. Two-minute LAD occlusions were performed every 30 min continuously or during working hours. Data on release of catabolites (potassium, hydrogen ions, and lactate) and norepinephrine from the initially dysfunctional region were obtained periodically during a regimen of 445 +/- 56 occlusions in six animals. Regional myocardial blood flow was measured (microsphere method) before and after an occlusion regimen in four animals. Marked release of catabolites and norepinephrine from the initially dysfunctional region was noted in association with early occlusions when myocardial segment function was severely reduced. With further occlusions, release of these substances decreased while segment function improved. Blood flow was markedly decreased in the initially dysfunctional region during an early occlusion but was at the control level during a later occlusion. Although the metabolic findings are consistent with protection due to “ischemic preconditioning” and no increase in collateral perfusion, the inverse relationship noted between catabolite release and segment function is best explained by flow-dependent mechanisms. These results, together with the myocardial blood flow data, serve to validate a previous assumption that protection against regional myocardial dysfunction under these conditions is due to increased collateral perfusion. |
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Department of Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia 65212 |
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English |
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0002-9513 |
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PMID:1992786 |
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98 |
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Schulte, N.; Klingel, H. |
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Title |
Herd Structure, Leadership, Dominance and Site Attachment of the Camel, Camelus Dromedarius |
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Year |
1991 |
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Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behaviour |
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118 |
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1-2 |
Pages |
103-114 |
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Social structure and relationships in a herd of captive camels were studied in Kenya. During day and night the herd split up irrespective of kinship. Partner preferences existed only in those camels who had previously been kept in a small group separated from the herd. Dominance relationships are anonymous with four levels: a) dominant breeding bulls, b) females and bachelors, c) subadults, and d) calves. No stable leadership was observed, but individual preferences in the walking order existed when the camels left and entered the enclosure. During the night most camels showed an amazing attachment to a particular resting site; in a new boma they used corresponding sites. During moon nights activity was greatly increased. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4683 |
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Denoix, J.M. |
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Title |
Approche mecanique des allures et du saut chez le cheval |
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Year |
1991 |
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Science & Sports |
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6 |
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2 |
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117-124 |
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cheval; locomotion; biomecanique; horse; locomotion; biomechanics |
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Resume La locomotion du cheval implique des contraintes mecaniques elevees sur les os, les articulations, les muscles et les tendons. Son etude permet de mieux connaitre les interventions actives ou passives de ces organes au cours des allures et du saut. Ces elements sont utiles pour la mise en oeuvre rationnelle d'exercices d'entrainement chez le cheval de sport ou de courses, en fonction des exigences de la discipline et des eventuels problemes locomoteurs du sujet. L'etude mecanique de la locomotion du cheval est par ailleurs indispensable pour l'amelioration de la connaissance des boiteries. Elle permet de preciser la genese des lesions osteoarticulaires et musculo-tendineuses et contribue a ameliorer leur traitement.Summary Locomotion of the horse is correlated with a great variety of mechanical stresses on bones, joints, muscles and tendons. Research on locomotion increases the knowledge of passive and active interventions of these structures during gaits and jump. These data are useful to manage the training of sport and jump horses, especially to fit with the particularities of the sport speciality and individual locomotor problems of horses. Beside, studies of locomotion in the horse are of importance to improve the knowledge of lamenesses. They contribute to precise the pathogenesis of osteoarticular and musculotendinous injuries and improve their treatment. |
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3976 |
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Dugatkin, L.A. |
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Title |
Dynamics of the TIT FOR TAT strategy during predator inspection in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
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29 |
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2 |
Pages |
127-132 |
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One well-known solution to the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma is the TIT FOR TAT strategy. This strategy has three “characteristics” associated with it. TIT FOR TAT is nice (cooperates on the first move of a game), retaliatory (plays defect against an individual that defected on the prior move), and forgiving (cooperates with an individual which has defected in the past but cooperates in the present). Predator inspection behavior in guppies (Poecilia reticulata) was examined in order to determine whether guppies displayed these three characteristics. Results indicate that while it can be quite difficult to translate the abstract concepts of niceness, retaliation, and forgiveness into measurable behaviors, the data support the hypothesis that guppies display the three characteristics associated with the TIT FOR TAT strategy. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2178 |
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Author |
Kabuga, J.D.; Gari-Kwaku, J.; Annor, S.Y. |
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Title |
Social status and its relationships to maintenance behaviour in a herd of N'dama and West African Shorthorn cattle |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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31 |
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3-4 |
Pages |
169-181 |
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Social-related behaviour of N'dama and West African Shorthorn (WASH) cattle grazing together was studied over 10 consecutive days. Dominance was not related to age, liveweight or leadership when the animals were led into a weighing scale or into and out of the experimental paddock. Dominance had no influence on the use of shade, on drinking frequency or on grazing time, it was, however, positively associated with time spent ruminating and idling and with the frequency of allogrooming. Forced leadership into a weighing scale was negatively correlated (Spearmans rank correlation (rs=-0.69, P<0.05) with liveweight while voluntary leadership, out of the experimental paddock (rs=0.85, P<0.01) and into the experimental paddock (rs=0.76, P<0.05), was positively correlated with liveweight. Voluntary leadership also positively and significantly (P<0.01) influenced the frequency of visits to the water trough. All measures of leadership were significantly but negatively correlated with frequency of social association (close contact) between cows. N'dama were more aggressive than WASH and had higher dominance values. There was a slight tendency for WASH to associate more with their peers than N'dama with their peers. Social behaviours such as allogrooming were low and rubbing and sniffing absent in both breeds. |
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2034 |
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Author |
Marinier, S.L.; Alexander, A.J. |
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Selective grazing behaviour in horses: development of methodology and preliminary use of tests to measure individual grazing ability |
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1991 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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30 |
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3-4 |
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203-221 |
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Methods are described to assess horses' selective grazing ability that includes choosing, sorting and the adaptive value of this behaviour. Choosing ability was tested by the experimenter presenting pairs of cut plant species that were then alternated at each presentation until the test horse had taken three bites of one of the plant pair. The results were analysed in relation to five measures of choosing behaviour: (1) the strength of the choice; (2) correspondence between first bite and the final choice; (3) constancy of the choice over a number of trials; (4) the comparison of the horses' ranking of the species over a number of trials; (5) the constancy of the linear arrangement of the plants over a number of trials. Sorting ability was tested using two methods. A mixture of two plant species was presented either in a clamp or loose in a trough. Results were based on number and weight of plant residues. The adaptive value of the behaviour related to the bitterness of toxic plants. This bitterness was represented in testing by quinine sulphate and a poisonous Senecio species. An extremely bitter substance “Bitrex” was also used in this context but was totally accepted by the horses. The horses' reactions to these substances were monitored using a behavioural score chart. The results from 12 horses revealed that the horses differed individually in their grazing ability. On this basis, the horses were classified as efficient, semi-efficient, or inefficient grazers. This finding has practical implications in deciding which horses may safely graze on pastures infested with toxic plants. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4230 |
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Author |
Petherick, J.C.; Waddington, D.; Duncan, I.J.H. |
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Learning to gain access to a foraging and dustbathing substrate by domestic fowl: is `out of sight out of mind'? |
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1991 |
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Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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22 |
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3 |
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213-226 |
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Domestic fowl; Dustbathing; Welfare; Learning; Cognition |
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Domestic fowl were deprived of the opportunity to perform litter-related behaviour for three or four days and were tested in a Y-maze (which they had previously been trained to run) for their ability to associate a coloured cue with gaining access to peat. When the goal boxes were within sight of the choice point, most birds chose peat. However, when the birds had to rely solely on the coloured cue only one bird from 12 showed learning. However, the birds seemed to have some expectation of a reward, as they ran faster if, on the previous trial, they had chosen peat. The inability of the birds to learn the association may have been an artefact of the schedule of deprivation and testing, for when they were hungry and tested in the same way they were again unable to learn an association between the same coloured cue and food reward. The experiment with peat was repeated using “massed” trials (several trials in immediate succession) during training and testing and six from 15 birds showed learning. These results suggest that the initial failure to learn was probably due to the training and testing schedule, that access to peat appears to be rewarding and that hens can learn an association between an abstract cue and a rewarding consequence. This is consistent with the possibility that domestic fowls may have some cognitive representation of peat when it is out of sight. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3609 |
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Chase, M.W.; Hills, H.H. |
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Title |
Silica Gel: An Ideal Material for Field Preservation of Leaf Samples for DNA Studies |
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1991 |
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Taxon |
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40 |
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2 |
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215-220 |
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Silica gels an inexpensive and reliable substance to preserve field-collected leaves for molecular studies of variation in DNA. A method for its utilization is explained, and results are presented, comparing total cellular DNA samples extracted from a set of fresh and silica-gel dried samples of the same species, as well as examining the efficiency of endonuclease restriction and intactness of DNA from of a set of field-collected leaves preserved with silica gel. |
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International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) |
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0040-0262 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6004 |
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Kirkpatrick, J.F.; Turner, J.W. |
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Changes in herd stallions among feral horse bands and the absence of forced copulation and induced abortion |
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1991 |
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Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
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29 |
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3 |
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217-219 |
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Forced copulation and induced abortion were investigated in a herd of feral horses inhabiting a coastal barrier island. Eight mares were diagnosed pregnant in August and October 1989 by means of urinary and fecal steroid metabolites, prior to documented changes in herd stallions. These mares were observed for harassment and forced copulation by the new stallions and for the presence of foals during the spring and summer of 1990. No incidents of harassment or attempts at forced copulation were witnessed and seven of the eight mares produced foals in 1990. These data indicate that forced copulation and induced abortion are not common events among all feral horse herds and suggest reinvestigation of this hypothesized phenomenon. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2327 |
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Judge, P.J. |
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Dyadic and triadic reconciliation in pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina) |
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1991 |
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Am. J. Primatol. |
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23 |
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225-237 |
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reconciliation • kinship • affiliation • aggression |
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The tendency in primates for former antagonists to approach and affiliate following aggression has been termed reconciliation because the response is thought to resolve social conflicts produced by aggression. In primate societies, however, an aggressive interaction between two individuals often spreads to include other group members, especially the kin of the combatants. If post conflict affiliation resolves aggressive conflicts in a group, then affiliative increases might occur between combatants and the kin of their opponents following aggression as well as between former opponents. This hypothesis was tested in a captive group of 39 pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina) by comparing affiliative response frequencies of combatants during the 5 minute period following aggression to affiliative response frequencies during 5 minute baseline periods not preceded by aggressive activity. Following aggression, affiliation rates increased between combatants and their opponents, aggressors and the kin of their opponents, and aggressors and their own kin. Additional analyses showed that aggression among kin was reconciled more often than aggression among nonkin. Recipients of aggression reconciled with their attackers more often than aggressors reconciled with their victims. Animals with similar dominance ranks reconciled proportionately more often than those with large rank disparities and aggressive infractions of a calculated dominance hierarchy were reconciled more often than attacks consistent with the hierarchy. Results suggest that both dyadic and triadic reconciliations occur in M. nemestrina and that compared to other primate species M. nemestrina exhibit a moderate-to-high conciliatory tendency. |
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10.1002/ajp.1350230403 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4869 |
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