| Records |
| Author |
Stahlbaum, C.C.; Houpt, K.A. |
| Title |
The role of the Flehmen response in the behavioral repertoire of the stallion |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1989 |
Publication |
Physiology & behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
Physiol. Behav. |
| Volume |
45 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1207-1214 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Circadian Rhythm; Discrimination (Psychology)/physiology; Estrus; Feces; Female; Horses/*physiology; Male; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Smell/*physiology; Taste/physiology; Urine |
| Abstract |
The role of the Flehmen response in equine behavior was investigated under field and laboratory conditions. In Experiment 1, a field study made of five stallions on pasture with between three and eighteen mares each during the season indicated the following: 1) The Flehmen response was most frequently preceded by nasal, rather than oral, investigation of substances; 2) The stallions' rate of Flehmen varied with the estrous cycles of the mares; 3) The rate of Flehmen response did not show a variation with time of day; and 4) The Flehmen response was most frequently followed by marking behaviors rather than courtship behaviors. The results suggest that the Flehmen response is not an immediate component of sexual behavior, e.g., courtship of the stallion but may be involved in the overall monitoring of the mare's estrous cycle. Therefore the Flehmen response may contribute to the chemosensory priming of the stallion for reproduction. In Experiment 2 stallions were presented with urine or feces of mares in various stages of the reproductive cycle as well as with their own or other males' urine or feces. The occurrence of sniffing and Flehmen was used to determine the discriminatory ability of the stallions. Stallions can differentiate the sex of a horse on the basis of its feces alone, but cannot differentiate on the basis of urine. This ability may explain the function of fecal marking behavior of stallions. |
| Address |
New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853 |
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English |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0031-9384 |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:2813545 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
44 |
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| Author |
Brannon, E.M.; Terrace, H.S. |
| Title |
Ordering of the numerosities 1 to 9 by monkeys |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
| Volume |
282 |
Issue |
5389 |
Pages |
746-749 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Discrimination (Psychology); Macaca mulatta/*psychology; *Mathematics; *Mental Processes |
| Abstract |
A fundamental question in cognitive science is whether animals can represent numerosity (a property of a stimulus that is defined by the number of discriminable elements it contains) and use numerical representations computationally. Here, it was shown that rhesus monkeys represent the numerosity of visual stimuli and detect their ordinal disparity. Two monkeys were first trained to respond to exemplars of the numerosities 1 to 4 in an ascending numerical order (1 --> 2 --> 3 --> 4). As a control for non-numerical cues, exemplars were varied with respect to size, shape, and color. The monkeys were later tested, without reward, on their ability to order stimulus pairs composed of the novel numerosities 5 to 9. Both monkeys responded in an ascending order to the novel numerosities. These results show that rhesus monkeys represent the numerosities 1 to 9 on an ordinal scale. |
| Address |
Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA. liz@psych.columbia.edu |
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English |
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| ISSN |
0036-8075 |
ISBN |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:9784133 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
606 |
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| Author |
Dusek, J.A.; Eichenbaum, H. |
| Title |
The hippocampus and memory for orderly stimulus relations |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
| Volume |
94 |
Issue |
13 |
Pages |
7109-7114 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Attention; Discrimination (Psychology)/physiology; Hippocampus/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Male; Memory/*physiology; Rats |
| Abstract |
Human declarative memory involves a systematic organization of information that supports generalizations and inferences from acquired knowledge. This kind of memory depends on the hippocampal region in humans, but the extent to which animals also have declarative memory, and whether inferential expression of memory depends on the hippocampus in animals, remains a major challenge in cognitive neuroscience. To examine these issues, we used a test of transitive inference pioneered by Piaget to assess capacities for systematic organization of knowledge and logical inference in children. In our adaptation of the test, rats were trained on a set of four overlapping odor discrimination problems that could be encoded either separately or as a single representation of orderly relations among the odor stimuli. Normal rats learned the problems and demonstrated the relational memory organization through appropriate transitive inferences about items not presented together during training. By contrast, after disconnection of the hippocampus from either its cortical or subcortical pathway, rats succeeded in acquiring the separate discrimination problems but did not demonstrate transitive inference, indicating that they had failed to develop or could not inferentially express the orderly organization of the stimulus elements. These findings strongly support the view that the hippocampus mediates a general declarative memory capacity in animals, as it does in humans. |
| Address |
Department of Psychology, Boston University, 64 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA |
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English |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0027-8424 |
ISBN |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:9192700 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
607 |
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| Author |
Lazareva, O.F.; Smirnova, A.A.; Bagozkaja, M.S.; Zorina, Z.A.; Rayevsky, V.V.; Wasserman, E.A. |
| Title |
Transitive responding in hooded crows requires linearly ordered stimuli |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Anal Behav |
| Volume |
82 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
1-19 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Association; Cognition/physiology; Crows; Discrimination (Psychology); *Discrimination Learning; Feedback; Reinforcement (Psychology); Visual Perception/physiology |
| Abstract |
Eight crows were taught to discriminate overlapping pairs of visual stimuli (A+ B-, B+ C-, C+ D-, and D+ E-). For 4 birds, the stimuli were colored cards with a circle of the same color on the reverse side whose diameter decreased from A to E (ordered feedback group). These circles were made available for comparison to potentially help the crows order the stimuli along a physical dimension. For the other 4 birds, the circles corresponding to the colored cards had the same diameter (constant feedback group). In later testing, a novel choice pair (BD) was presented. Reinforcement history involving stimuli B and D was controlled so that the reinforcement/nonreinforcement ratios for the latter would be greater than for the former. If, during the BD test, the crows chose between stimuli according to these reinforcement/nonreinforcement ratios, then they should prefer D; if they chose according to the diameter of the feedback stimuli, then they should prefer B. In the ordered feedback group, the crows strongly preferred B over D; in the constant feedback group, the crows' choice did not differ significantly from chance. These results, plus simulations using associative models, suggest that the orderability of the postchoice feedback stimuli is important for crows' transitive responding. |
| Address |
Institute of Higher Nervous Activity, Moscow State University. olga-lazareva@uiowa.edu |
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English |
Summary Language |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0022-5002 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:15484868 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
612 |
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| Author |
Kuroshima, H.; Fujita, K.; Fuyuki, A.; Masuda, T. |
| Title |
Understanding of the relationship between seeing and knowing by tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
5 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
41-48 |
| Keywords |
Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; Cebus/*psychology; *Discrimination (Psychology); Feeding Behavior/*psychology; Female; Male |
| Abstract |
The ability of four tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) to recognize the causal connection between seeing and knowing was investigated. The subjects were trained to follow a suggestion about the location of hidden food provided by a trainer who knew where the food was (the knower) in preference to a trainer who did not (the guesser). The experimenter baited one of three opaque containers behind a cardboard screen so that the subjects could not see which of the containers hid the reward. In experiment 1, the knower appeared first in front of the apparatus and looked into each container; next, the guesser appeared but did not look into any containers. Then the knower touched the correct cup while the guesser touched one of the three randomly. The capuchin monkeys gradually learned to reach toward the cup that the knower suggested. In experiment 2, the subjects adapted to a novel variant of the task, in which the guesser touched but did not look into any of the containers. In experiment 3, the monkeys adapted again when the knower and the guesser appeared in a random order. These results suggest that capuchin monkeys can learn to recognize the relationship between seeing and knowing. |
| Address |
Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan. kuroshi@psy.bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp |
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English |
Summary Language |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
1435-9448 |
ISBN |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:11957401 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2611 |
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| Author |
de Waal, F.B.M.; Dindo, M.; Freeman, C.A.; Hall, M.J. |
| Title |
The monkey in the mirror: hardly a stranger |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
| Volume |
102 |
Issue |
32 |
Pages |
11140-11147 |
| Keywords |
Analysis of Variance; Animals; Cebus/*physiology; *Discrimination (Psychology); Empathy; Female; Male; Observation; *Recognition (Psychology); *Self Concept; Sex Factors |
| Abstract |
It is widely assumed that monkeys see a stranger in the mirror, whereas apes and humans recognize themselves. In this study, we question the former assumption by using a detailed comparison of how monkeys respond to mirrors versus live individuals. Eight adult female and six adult male brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) were exposed twice to three conditions: (i) a familiar same-sex partner, (ii) an unfamiliar same-sex partner, and (iii) a mirror. Females showed more eye contact and friendly behavior and fewer signs of anxiety in front of a mirror than they did when exposed to an unfamiliar partner. Males showed greater ambiguity, but they too reacted differently to mirrors and strangers. Discrimination between conditions was immediate, and blind coders were able to tell the difference between monkeys under the three conditions. Capuchins thus seem to recognize their reflection in the mirror as special, and they may not confuse it with an actual conspecific. Possibly, they reach a level of self-other distinction intermediate between seeing their mirror image as other and recognizing it as self. |
| Address |
Living Links Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. dewaal@emory.edu |
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English |
Summary Language |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0027-8424 |
ISBN |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:16055557 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
164 |
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| Author |
Parr, L.A.; Hopkins, W.D.; de Waal, F.B. |
| Title |
Haptic discrimination in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella): evidence of manual specialization |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Neuropsychologia |
Abbreviated Journal |
Neuropsychologia |
| Volume |
35 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
143-152 |
| Keywords |
Aging/psychology; Animals; Cebus; Cues; Discrimination (Psychology)/*physiology; Female; Functional Laterality/*physiology; Male; Psychomotor Performance/physiology; Sex Characteristics; Touch/physiology |
| Abstract |
Two experiments investigated the effects of haptic and visual discrimination on hand preference in 22 brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). The percentage of left-handed subjects in Experiment 1 were 63.6%, 45.5%, and 18.2% for haptic, bipedal, and quadrupedal reaching, respectively. In Experiment 2, the haptic demands of the task were manipulated by using additional food types and another tactile medium. Left-hand preferences were further strengthened when reaching into water compared to pineshavings in Experiment 1. Reaching with no tactile interference resulted in equal numbers of lateralized and nonlateralized subjects. These results show that when reaching demands the use of haptic cues, as opposed to visual ones, monkeys shift towards greater left hand use. This is consistent with what is known about right hemisphere superiority for haptic discrimination in humans. |
| Address |
Division of Psychobiology, Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA. parr@rmy.-emory.edu |
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English |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0028-3932 |
ISBN |
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| Notes |
PMID:9025118 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
201 |
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| Author |
Singer, R.A.; Klein, E.D.; Zentall, T.R. |
| Title |
Use of a single-code/default strategy by pigeons to acquire duration sample discriminations |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Learning & behavior : a Psychonomic Society publication |
Abbreviated Journal |
Learn Behav |
| Volume |
34 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
340-347 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Columbidae; *Discrimination (Psychology); *Reaction Time; Retention (Psychology); *Signal Detection (Psychology) |
| Abstract |
Past evidence that pigeons may adopt a single-code/default strategy to solve duration sample discriminations may be attributable to the similarity between the intertrial interval (ITI) and the retention interval. The present experiments tested whether pigeons would adopt a single-code/default strategy when possible ITI-retention-interval ambiguity was eliminated and sample salience was increased. Previous studies of duration sample discriminations that have purported to show evidence for the use of a single-code/default coding strategy have used durations of 0, 2, and 10 sec (Zentall, Klein, and Singer, 2004). However, the results of Experiment 1 suggest that the use of a 0-sec sample may produce an artifact resulting in inadvertent present/absent sample matching. In Experiment 2, when pigeons were trained with three nonzero duration samples (2, 8, and 32 sec), clear evidence for the use of a single-code/default strategy was found. |
| Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA. rasing2@uky.edu |
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English |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
1543-4494 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:17330523 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
215 |
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| Author |
Zentall, T.R.; Kaiser, D.H. |
| Title |
Interval timing with gaps: gap ambiguity as an alternative to temporal decay |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume |
31 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
484-486 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; Discrimination (Psychology)/*physiology; Memory/*physiology; Rats; Time Perception/*physiology |
| Abstract |
C. V. Buhusi, D. Perera, and W. H. Meck (2005) proposed a hypothesis of timing in rats to account for the results of experiments that have used the peak procedure with gaps. According to this hypothesis, the introduction of a gap causes the animal's memory for the pregap interval to passively decay (subjectively shorten) in direct proportion to the duration and salience of the gap. Thus, animals should pause with short, nonsalient gaps but should reset their clock with longer, salient gaps. The present authors suggest that the ambiguity of the gap (i.e., the similarity between the gap and the intertrial interval in both appearance and relative duration) causes the animal to actively reset the clock and prevents adequate assessments of the fate of timed intervals prior to the gap. Furthermore, when the intertrial interval is discriminable from the gap, the evidence suggests that timed intervals prior to the gap are not lost but are retained in memory. |
| Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA. zentall@uky.edu |
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English |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0097-7403 |
ISBN |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:16248734 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
220 |
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| Author |
Klein, E.D.; Bhatt, R.S.; Zentall, T.R. |
| Title |
Contrast and the justification of effort |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Psychonomic bulletin & review |
Abbreviated Journal |
Psychon Bull Rev |
| Volume |
12 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
335-339 |
| Keywords |
Awareness; *Cognition; *Discrimination (Psychology); Female; Humans; Male; Questionnaires; *Visual Perception |
| Abstract |
When humans are asked to evaluate rewards or outcomes that follow unpleasant (e.g., high-effort) events, they often assign higher value to that reward. This phenomenon has been referred to as cognitive dissonance or justification of effort. There is now evidence that a similar phenomenon can be found in nonhuman animals. When demonstrated in animals, however, it has been attributed to contrast between the unpleasant high effort and the conditioned stimulus for food. In the present experiment, we asked whether an analogous effect could be found in humans under conditions similar to those found in animals. Adult humans were trained to discriminate between shapes that followed a high-effort versus a low-effort response. In test, participants were found to prefer shapes that followed the high-effort response in training. These results suggest the possibility that contrast effects of the sort extensively studied in animals may play a role in cognitive dissonance and other related phenomena in humans. |
| Address |
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA |
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English |
Summary Language |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
1069-9384 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:16082815 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
223 |
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