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	Author	Castley, J.G.; Knight, M.H.
	Title	Population status of plains zebra, Equus burchelli, in South African National Parks.			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Scientific Services, National Parks Board	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Kimberley, South Africa.	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2254
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	Author	Chu, G.Z., et al
	Title	The summer habitat and population numbers of the Mongolian wild ass in the Kalamaili Mountains Wildlife Reserve, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1985	Publication	Acta Zoologica Sinica	Abbreviated Journal	Acta Zoologica Sinica
	Volume	31	Issue	2	Pages	178-186
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Chineese	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2258
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	Author	Dvoinos, G.M.; Kharchenko, V.A.; Zviagnitsova, N.S.
	Title	*The characteristics of the helminth community in the Turkmen kulan (Equus hemionus)*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1992	Publication	Parazitologiia	Abbreviated Journal	Parazitologiia
	Volume	26	Issue	3	Pages	246-251
	Keywords	Animals; Female; Helminthiasis/parasitology; Helminthiasis, Animal; Helminths/classification/isolation & purification; Male; Perissodactyla/parasitology; Turkmenistan; Ukraine
	Abstract	The helminth fauna of 24 kulans from Askaniya-Nova and Badkhyz was studied. 42 species of helminths were found, 34 of which belong to strongylids. The helminth species composition of kulan is similar to that of other species of horses. This is a result of an intensive parasite exchange in the historical past when numerous populations of different Equidae species made long seasonal migrations over steppe inter-river lands of Asia and grazed for some time on common pastures.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title	K kharakteristike soobshchestva gel'mintov turkmenskogo kulana (Equus hemionus)
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0031-1847	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:1408368			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2285
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	Author	Henneke, D.R.; Potter, G.D.; Kreider, J.L.; Yeates, B.F.
	Title	Relationship between condition score, physical measurements and body fat percentage in mares			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1983	Publication	Equine Veterinary Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	15	Issue	4	Pages	371-372
	Keywords	Adipose Tissue; Animals; Biometry; Body Weight; Female; Heart/anatomy & histology; Horses/anatomy & histology/physiology; *Reproduction
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:6641685			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2299
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	Author	Joubert, E.; Louw, G.N.
	Title	*Preliminary observations on the digestive and renal efficiency of Hartmann's zebra Equus zebra hartmannae.*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1976	Publication	Madoqua	Abbreviated Journal	Madoqua
	Volume	10	Issue		Pages	119-121
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2306
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	Author	Eisenberg, J.F.; Kleiman, D.G.
	Title	Olfactory Communication in Mammals			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1972	Publication	Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics	Abbreviated Journal	Annu Rev Ecol Systemat
	Volume	3	Issue	1	Pages	1-32
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ Eisenberg1972			Serial	2316
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	Author	Kruger, K.; Gaillard, C.; Stranzinger, G.; Rieder, S.
	Title	Phylogenetic analysis and species allocation of individual equids using microsatellite data			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	122	Issue	s1	Pages	78-86
	Keywords
	Abstract	Summary The taxonomic status of all equid species is not completely unravelled. This is of practical relevance for conservation initiatives of endangered, fragmented equid populations, such as the Asiatic wild asses (in particular Equus hemionus onager and E. hemionus kulan). In this study, a marker panel consisting of 31 microsatellite loci was used to assess species demarcation and phylogeny, as well as allocation of individuals (n = 120) to specific populations of origin (n = 11). Phylogenetic analysis revealed coalescence times comparable with those previously published from fossil records and mtDNA data. Using Bayesian approaches, it was possible to distinguish between the studied equids, although individual assignment levels varied. The observed results support the maintenance of separate captive conservation herds for E. hemionus onager and E. hemionus kulan. The first molecular genetic results for E. hemionus luteus remained contradictory, as they unexpectedly indicated a closer genetic relationship between E. hemionus luteus and E. kiang holderi compared with the other hemiones.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2334
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	Author	Maloiy, G.M.; Boarer, C.D.
	Title	Response of the Somali donkey to dehydration: hematological changes			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1971	Publication	Am J Physio	Abbreviated Journal	Am J Physiol
	Volume	221	Issue	1	Pages	37-41
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2344
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	Author	Sigurjónsdóttir , H.; van Dierendonck, M.C.; Snorrason, S.; Thórhallsdóttir, A.G.
	Title	Social relationships in a group of horses without a mature stallion			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Behaviour	Abbreviated Journal	Behaviour
	Volume	140	Issue	6	Pages	783-804
	Keywords
	Abstract	1. The social relationships in a group of Icelandic horses without a mature stallion were studied. The horses were all familiar to each other. Mutual grooming and play relationships, spatial associations, dominance-subordinate relations and the effect of kinship on these relationships were analysed.TAGSTARTBRTAGEND 2. The social structure was clearly dominated by the behaviour of the adult mares. The horses preferred to form bonds within their social class (sex/age) and they kept close proximity with their friends. The group was effectively divided into two social subgroups, adult mares as one group and adult geldings and sub-adults as another group. The sub-adults and adult geldings formed associations, which were based on mutual grooming and play, while the adult mares did not play. Differences between the sexes were evident. Males played more than the females, had more playing partners and were more popular as playmates.TAGSTARTBRTAGEND 3. Aggression rates were low. The dominance hierarchy was linear. Adult mares ranked higher than adult geldings, sub-adults and the foals. Rank was significantly correlated with age. The closer the adult mares were in rank, the more they groomed with each other. Such relationships were not found amongst the other social group.TAGSTARTBRTAGEND 4. Kinship was calculated between all pairs of animals for up to 4 or 5 generations. Allogrooming and play frequencies and proximity were all positively correlated with kinship. Adult mares, which were close in the dominance hierarchy, were on average more related than those further apart.TAGSTARTBRTAGEND 5. The social relationships in the Icelandic herd were, to some extent, different from relationships reported from unmanaged and feral horse-herds with mature stallions and bachelors. Our results suggest that adult mares groom more in groups without a stallion. Furthermore, they have more preferred partners than in natural harems and their partners are other adult mares, not their weaned offspring as seems to be the case in feral herds. The sub-adults also seem to be more socially active in the absence of stallions. Interestingly, in the Icelandic group, the adult mares showed stallion like behaviours, like mounting and protecting foals. Only by studying the behaviour and the nature of the relationships of horses in groups of different compositions, can we expect to gain a comprehensive understanding about individual social strategies and cognitive capabilities of the species. Such knowledge is valuable for management and welfare of the horse.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2363
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	Author	Mills, M.G.L.; Shenk, M.G.L.
	Title	Predator--Prey Relationships: The Impact of Lion Predation on Wildebeest and Zebra Populations			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1992	Publication	The Journal of Animal Ecology	Abbreviated Journal	T. J. Anim. Ecol.
	Volume	61	Issue	3	Pages	693-702
	Keywords
	Abstract	1. The role of lion Panthera leo predation in the dynamics of blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus and zebra Equus burchelli populations was investigated through simulation models. The data used in the models were from intensive observations over 4 years in the south-east of the Kruger National Park. 2. Population estimates of wildebeest and zebra were made from aerial surveys, sex and age ratios from ground counts. Lion numbers were determined from observations of marked and radio-collared animals. Predation was studied by following lions for continuous periods of up to 336 h. 3. Two models were constructed. Model 1 ascertained the number of killing lions (adult females) that could be supported by each prey population while remaining stable. A single model was constructed for the sedentary wildebeest population. A summer and winter model was constructed for the semi-migratory zebra population. The sensitivity of the parameters in the model was tested by changing their value by 10%. In model 2, the kill age structure for each species was changed to determine the number of killing lions the altered prey selection parameters could support. 4. There was no difference in the vulnerability of either species to predation. Zebra foals (<1 year) were killed more frequently than expected. No selection for sex or by season could be found for either species. 5. Model 1 predicted that the wildebeest population stabilizes with 7.7 killing lions, close to the number in the study area. The winter zebra population stabilizes with 6.8 killing lions and the summer zebra population with 19.4. Manipulation of kill rate followed by adult fecundity rate had the greatest effect on population size of both species. In model 2, wildebeest predation was made selective towards calves and zebra predation was made non-selective for sex and age. With these parameters the wildebeest population stabilizes with 10.7 killing lions and the zebra population with 5.4 in winter and 15.1 in summer. 6. The models suggest that lion predation affected wildebeest more severely than zebra during the study. This was through the way in which lions selected their prey, and because of the sedentary behaviour of the wildebeest, as opposed to the semi-migratory behaviour of the zebra.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2376
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